code restructuring, thesis implementation content added

Readme.md

@@ -50,6 +50,12 @@
 # Testing suite
 - implemented simple testing suite that is able to create tests by definition
 
+## test constrains
+- each subnet has a maximum of 1 host (connections between hosts in the same subnet are irrelevant)
+- failing paths need to have alternative routes
+- subnets between each router
+
+
 ## failure scenarios
 - 2 types of failure scheduling: intermediate and concurrent
 - intermediate: a certain test operation is performed (like pings), a failure is induced, and the same test is performed again
@@ -58,34 +64,35 @@
 ## failure types
 - interface shutdown: an interface is deactivated by calling "ifconfig {interface} down" to simulate a broken link
 
+## test topologies
+- 
+
 
 # Implementations
 
 ## ShortCut
 - try using ryu controller to configure packet flow according to ShortCut
 - frr as routing, ryu controller defining additional flow entries
-
 - controllers and p4 have shown to be to complex for this work
 - trying out "iptables"
-- example command for router 1 and packages to subnet 4 "iptables -I FORWARD -p all --in-interface
- r1-eth2 --destination 10.4.0.0/24 -j LOG --log-prefix="SHORTCUT_TRIGGER""
-
-- example command with NFQUEUE "iptables -I FORWARD -p all --in-interface
- r1-eth2 --destination 10.4.0.0/24 -j NFQUEUE --queue-num 1"
-
+- example command for router 1 and packages to subnet 4 "iptables -I FORWARD -p all --in-interface r1-eth2 --destination 10.4.0.0/24 -j LOG --log-prefix="SHORTCUT_TRIGGER""
+- example command with NFQUEUE "iptables -I FORWARD -p all --in-interface r1-eth2 --destination 10.4.0.0/24 -j NFQUEUE --queue-num 1"
 - Target LOG seemingly cant be used, because syslog entries dont work in network namespaces (which mininet uses)
 - trying out NFQUEUE as target instead (https://github.com/oremanj/python-netfilterqueue)
 - using scapy to parse packets in python
-
 - after deleting route from table, router 4 is unable to find route to 10.1.0.0 (even though router 1 was affected)
 - it was also necessary to shut down the interface to router 2 on router 4 to enable routing again
-
 - first iperf test results fluctuate heavily, most likely because link throughput is unlimited (test this)
 
 ### process
 packet goes through loop > returns on router > iptables rule is hit and packet is added to queue >
 python listener evaluates packet and determines network > ip route is deleted
 
+### iptables to nftables
+- tables and chains need to be created
+- commands "add table ip filter" and "add chain ip filter FORWARD { type filter hook forward priority 0; }" should suffice
+- existing iptables commands can be translated with iptables-translate to nftables commands
+
 ## commands
 - "iptables -L -v" Show all iptables rules
 - "iptables -D FORWARD 4" delete rule 4 in FORWARD CHAIN (counting from 1)
@@ -109,30 +116,6 @@ python listener evaluates packet and determines network > ip route is deleted
 
 - "translate" routing entries in routing table to table flow entries
 
-
-
-# General information
-
-## networks to look out for
-
-- mesh ()
-- ring/double ring (clock- and counterclockwise)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-# openflow learning
-
-## installation
-- start controller on port 6633, change port in protocol configuration of wireshark from 6653 to 6633
-
-## wireshark filter for displaying openflow packets
-```openflow_v1 and not (openflow_1_0.type == 2 or openflow_1_0.type == 3)```
-
-
 # Technologies
 
 ## Mininet
@@ -169,14 +152,14 @@ Controller that configures switches/routers based on python script file
 - policy routing rules https://blog.scottlowe.org/2013/05/29/a-quick-introduction-to-linux-policy-routing/
 
 
-# Tasks
-- end of february -> write "Basics" section
-
-
 # Tools
 - Mininet visualizer: http://demo.spear.narmox.com/app/?apiurl=demo#!/mininet
 - Grafiken: Microsoft Visio, Inkscape, Plotting mit Geogebra
 
 # literature
 
-- will shortcut have an influence on tcp connections?
+- will shortcut have an influence on tcp connections?
+
+# Coding
+
+- implement python logging of listeners with the python logging queuehandler

implementation/linux_router.py

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from mininet.node import Node
+
+
+class LinuxRouter(Node):
+
+    def config(self, **params):
+        super(LinuxRouter, self).config(**params)
+        self.cmd('sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1')
+
+    def terminate(self):
+        self.cmd('sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=0')
+        super(LinuxRouter, self).terminate()

implementation/mininet_controller.py

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+import argparse
+from mininet.net import Mininet
+from mininet.log import setLogLevel, info
+import topologies
+import inspect
+import importlib
+import pkgutil
+
+topos = {
+    "4R3H": {
+        "class": "FourRoutersThreeHosts",
+        "module": "4r3h_topo",
+        "description": "A topology using 4 routers and 3 hosts"
+    }
+}
+
+
+def get_tests(topo):
+    available_tests = []
+    for test, test_data in topo.get_tests().items():
+        available_tests.append(test)
+    print('Currently available tests are: ' + str(available_tests))
+
+
+def implement_shortcut(router, interface, dest_ip, gateway, queue_id):
+    # implement hook
+    info(f"Adding hook for {interface} to {dest_ip} in Queue {queue_id}\n")
+    router.cmd(
+        f"iptables -I FORWARD -p all --in-interface {interface} --destination {dest_ip} -j NFQUEUE --queue-num {queue_id}")
+    # execute listener
+    router.cmd(f"sudo python3 shortcut_listener.py -g {gateway} -id {queue_id} &> listener.log &")
+
+
+def interface_shutdown(component, component_name, interface):
+    info(f"Shutting down intf {interface} on {component_name}\n")
+    component.cmd(f"ifconfig {interface} down")
+
+
+def get_available_topos():
+    available_topos = {}
+    for topo_id, topo_info in topos.items():
+        available_topos[topo_id] = topo_info["description"]
+    return available_topos
+
+def configure_mininet(net, topo):
+    table_interface_map = topo.get_policy_table_interface_map()
+    for router, configuration in topo.get_routings().items():
+        tables = []
+        shortcut_memory = []
+        shortcut_queue_id = 1
+        table_id = 200
+        for table, routes in configuration.items():
+            if table not in tables and table != "default":
+                # Creating tables that do not exist for this router yet
+                net[router].cmd(f"echo {table_id} {table} >> /etc/iproute2/rt_tables")
+                tables.append(table)
+                table_id += 1
+            for route in routes:
+                address = route[0]
+                gateway = route[1]
+                interface = route[2]
+                priority = route[3]
+                table_string = ""
+                if table != "default":
+                    table_string = f"table {table} "
+                    shortcut_identification = f"{interface}-{address}-{gateway}"
+                    if shortcut_identification not in shortcut_memory:
+                        incoming_interface = table_interface_map[router][table]
+                        implement_shortcut(net[router], incoming_interface, address, gateway, shortcut_queue_id)
+                        shortcut_memory.append(shortcut_identification)
+                        shortcut_queue_id += 1
+
+                net[router].cmd(f"ip route add {table_string}{address} via {gateway} dev {interface} metric {priority}")
+
+
+def run(topology, execute_test=None):
+    if topology not in topos:
+        print(f"Unknown topology {topology}, exiting...")
+        exit()
+
+    module = importlib.import_module(f"implementation.topologies.{topos[topology]['module']}")
+    topo_class = getattr(module, topos[topology]['class'])
+    topo = topo_class()
+    net = Mininet(topo=topo)
+
+
+    # adding additional routing tables, we use 200 as custom table number
+    for router, policies in topo.get_policies().items():
+        for rule in policies['rules']:
+            for to in rule['to']:
+                net[router].cmd(f"ip rule add iif {rule['inport']} to {to} table {rule['table']}")
+
+    # if we want to create a timed failure (maybe while pinging), we can use a timer
+    # router2_failure = Timer(15, introduce_failure(net["r2"], "r2-eth3"))
+
+    net.start()
+    # CLI(net)
+    n = 1
+    tests = topo.get_tests()
+    if execute_test:
+        if execute_test in tests:
+            test_data = tests[execute_test]
+            #            print(test_data)
+            repeat_test = False
+            info(f"---- Performing test on route {test_data['source']} -> {test_data['destination']} ----\n")
+            if test_data['failures']:
+                intermediates = []
+                timers = []
+                for failure in test_data['failures']:
+                    if failure['type'] == "intermediate":
+                        intermediates.append(failure)
+                    if failure['type'] == "timer":
+                        timers.append(failure)
+
+                if timers:
+                    for timer in timers:
+                        timer['execute'](net)
+            if 'pre_execution' in test_data.keys():
+                test_data['pre_execution'](net)
+            info(f"Performing test {n}\n")
+            results = test_data['execute'](net)
+            if type(results) is str:
+                info(results + '\n')
+
+            if intermediates:
+                repeat_test = True
+                for failure in intermediates:
+                    failure['execute'](net)
+
+            if repeat_test:
+                info(f"Performing test {n} after failure\n")
+                if 'pre_execution' in test_data.keys():
+                    test_data['pre_execution'](net)
+                results = test_data['execute'](net)
+                if type(results) is str:
+                    info(results + '\n')
+            n += 1
+    else:
+        CLI(net)
+
+    # introduce_failure(net["r2"], "r2-eth3")
+    net.stop()
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    setLogLevel('info')
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('--tests', help='list all available tests for a topology', action='store_true')
+    parser.add_argument('--test', help='perform defined test on execution')
+    parser.add_argument('--topo', help='use defined topo')
+    parser.add_argument('--topos', help='list all available topologies', action='store_true')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    if args.tests:
+        get_tests()
+        exit()
+    if args.topos:
+        print(get_available_topos())
+        exit()
+    run(args.topo, args.test)

implementation/topologies/4r3h_topo.py

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+from implementation.linux_router import LinuxRouter
+from mininet.topo import Topo
+from custom_topo import CustomTopo
+
+
+class FourRoutersThreeHosts(CustomTopo):
+    def build(self):
+        # Adding routers
+        R1 = self.addNode('r1', cls=LinuxRouter, ip='10.1.0.1/24')
+        R2 = self.addNode('r2', cls=LinuxRouter, ip='10.2.0.1/24')
+        R3 = self.addNode('r3', cls=LinuxRouter, ip='10.3.0.1/24')
+        R4 = self.addNode('r4', cls=LinuxRouter, ip='10.4.0.1/24')
+
+        # Adding switches
+        S1 = self.addSwitch('s1')
+        S2 = self.addSwitch('s2')
+        S3 = self.addSwitch('s3')
+        S4 = self.addSwitch('s4')
+
+        # Connecting switches to routers
+        self.addLink(S1, R1, intfName2='r1-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.1.0.1/24'})
+        self.addLink(S2, R2, intfName2='r2-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.2.0.1/24'})
+        self.addLink(S3, R3, intfName2='r3-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.3.0.1/24'})
+        self.addLink(S4, R4, intfName2='r4-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.4.0.1/24'})
+
+        # Connecting routers to each other
+        self.addLink(R1, R2, intfName1='r1-eth2', intfName2='r2-eth2', params1={'ip': '10.112.0.11/24'},
+                     params2={'ip': '10.112.0.21/24'})
+        self.addLink(R1, R3, intfName1='r1-eth3', intfName2='r3-eth2', params1={'ip': '10.113.0.12/24'},
+                     params2={'ip': '10.113.0.31/24'})
+        self.addLink(R2, R4, intfName1='r2-eth3', intfName2='r4-eth2', params1={'ip': '10.124.0.22/24'},
+                     params2={'ip': '10.124.0.41/24'})
+        self.addLink(R3, R4, intfName1='r3-eth3', intfName2='r4-eth3', params1={'ip': '10.134.0.32/24'},
+                     params2={'ip': '10.134.0.42/24'})
+
+        s = self.addHost('s', ip='10.1.0.101/24', defaultRoute='via 10.1.0.1')
+        h = self.addHost('h', ip='10.2.0.102/24', defaultRoute='via 10.2.0.1')
+        d = self.addHost('d', ip='10.4.0.103/24', defaultRoute='via 10.4.0.1')
+
+        for h, s in [(s, S1), (h, S2), (d, S4)]:
+            self.addLink(h, s)
+
+    def get_routings(self):
+        return {
+            "r1": {
+                "default": [
+                    ("10.2.0.0/24", "10.112.0.21", "r1-eth2", 10),
+                    ("10.3.0.0/24", "10.113.0.31", "r1-eth3", 10),
+                    ("10.4.0.0/24", "10.112.0.21", "r1-eth2", 10),
+                    ("10.4.0.0/24", "10.113.0.31", "r1-eth3", 20),  # "fast-rerouting", in case r2 is disconnected
+                    ("10.124.0.0/24", "10.112.0.21", "r1-eth2", 10),
+                    ("10.134.0.0/24", "10.113.0.31", "r1-eth3", 10)
+                ],
+                "incoming_eth2": [
+                    ("10.4.0.0/24", "10.113.0.31", "r1-eth3", 10),
+                    ("10.3.0.0/24", "10.113.0.31", "r1-eth3", 10)
+                ],
+                "incoming_eth3": [
+                    ("10.4.0.0/24", "10.112.0.21", "r1-eth2", 10),
+                    ("10.2.0.0/24", "10.112.0.21", "r1-eth2", 10)
+                ]
+            },
+            "r2": {
+                "default": [
+                    ("10.1.0.0/24", "10.112.0.11", "r2-eth2", 10),
+                    ("10.3.0.0/24", "10.112.0.11", "r2-eth2", 10),
+                    ("10.4.0.0/24", "10.124.0.41", "r2-eth3", 10),
+                    ("10.4.0.0/24", "10.112.0.11", "r2-eth2", 20),  # "fast-rerouting" in case connection to r4 is lost
+                    ("10.134.0.0/24", "10.124.0.41", "r2-eth3", 10),
+                ],
+                "incoming_eth2": [
+                    ("10.3.0.0/24", "10.124.0.41", "r2-eth3", 10)
+                ]
+            },
+            "r3": {
+                "default": [
+                    ("10.1.0.0/24", "10.113.0.12", "r3-eth2", 10),
+                    ("10.2.0.0/24", "10.113.0.12", "r3-eth2", 10),
+                    ("10.4.0.0/24", "10.134.0.42", "r3-eth3", 10),
+                    ("10.124.0.0/24", "10.134.0.42", "r3-eth3", 10),
+                    ("10.112.0.0/24", "10.113.0.12", "r3-eth2", 10)
+                ],
+            },
+            "r4": {
+                "default": [
+                    ("10.1.0.0/24", "10.124.0.22", "r4-eth2", 10),
+                    ("10.1.0.0/24", "10.134.0.32", "r4-eth3", 20),
+                    ("10.2.0.0/24", "10.124.0.22", "r4-eth2", 10),
+                    ("10.3.0.0/24", "10.134.0.32", "r4-eth3", 10),
+                    ("10.112.0.0/24", "10.124.0.22", "r4-eth2", 10),
+                    ("10.113.0.0/24", "10.134.0.32", "r4-eth3", 10)
+                ]
+            }
+        }
+
+    def get_policies(self):
+        return {
+            "r1": {
+                "rules": [
+                    {
+                        "table": "incoming_eth2",
+                        "inport": "r1-eth2",
+                        "to": ["10.4.0.0/24"]
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "table": "incoming_eth3",
+                        "inport": "r1-eth3",
+                        "to": ["10.3.0.0/24"]
+                    }
+                ]
+            },
+            "r2": {
+                "rules": [
+                    {
+                        "table": "incoming_eth2",
+                        "inport": "r2-eth2",
+                        "to": ["10.3.0.0/24"]
+                    }
+                ]
+            }
+
+        }
+
+    def get_tests(self):
+        return {
+            "s_to_d_failure_test": {
+                "pre_execution": lambda net: net["s"].cmd("ping -c 5 10.4.0.103"),
+                "source": "s",
+                "destination": "d",
+                "destination_ip": "10.4.0.103",
+                "execute": lambda net: net["s"].cmd("ping -c 10 10.4.0.103"),
+                "failures": [
+                    {
+                        "type": "intermediate",
+                        "execute": lambda net: connection_shutdown(net, ['r2', 'r4'], ['Router 2', 'Router 4'],
+                                                                   ['r2-eth3', 'r4-eth2'])
+                    }
+                ]
+            },
+            "s_to_d_failure_performance_test": {
+                "source": "s",
+                "destination": "d",
+                "destination_ip": "10.4.0.103",
+                "execute": lambda net: net.iperf((net['s'], net['d'])),
+                "failures": [
+                    {
+                        "type": "intermediate",
+                        "execute": lambda net: connection_shutdown(net, ['r2', 'r4'], ['Router 2', 'Router 4'],
+                                                                   ['r2-eth3', 'r4-eth2'])
+                    }
+                ]
+            }
+        }

implementation/topologies/custom_topo.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import abc
+
+from mininet.topo import Topo
+
+
+class CustomTopo(Topo):
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def get_policies(self):
+        pass
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def get_routings(self):
+        pass
+
+    def get_policy_table_interface_map(self):
+        table_interface_map = {}
+        for router, policies in self.get_policies().items():
+            table_interface_map[router] = {}
+            for rule in policies["rules"]:
+                if rule["table"] not in table_interface_map[router]:
+                    table_interface_map[router][rule["table"]] = rule["inport"]
+
+        return table_interface_map

short_cut_implementation/.idea/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Default ignored files
+/shelf/
+/workspace.xml
+# Editor-based HTTP Client requests
+/httpRequests/
+# Datasource local storage ignored files
+/dataSources/
+/dataSources.local.xml

short_cut_implementation/.idea/inspectionProfiles/profiles_settings.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<component name="InspectionProjectProfileManager">
+  <settings>
+    <option name="USE_PROJECT_PROFILE" value="false" />
+    <version value="1.0" />
+  </settings>
+</component>

short_cut_implementation/.idea/misc.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project version="4">
+  <component name="ProjectRootManager" version="2" project-jdk-name="Python 3.10" project-jdk-type="Python SDK" />
+</project>

short_cut_implementation/.idea/modules.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project version="4">
+  <component name="ProjectModuleManager">
+    <modules>
+      <module fileurl="file://$PROJECT_DIR$/.idea/short_cut_implementation.iml" filepath="$PROJECT_DIR$/.idea/short_cut_implementation.iml" />
+    </modules>
+  </component>
+</project>

short_cut_implementation/.idea/short_cut_implementation.iml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<module type="PYTHON_MODULE" version="4">
+  <component name="NewModuleRootManager">
+    <content url="file://$MODULE_DIR$" />
+    <orderEntry type="inheritedJdk" />
+    <orderEntry type="sourceFolder" forTests="false" />
+  </component>
+  <component name="PyDocumentationSettings">
+    <option name="format" value="PLAIN" />
+    <option name="myDocStringFormat" value="Plain" />
+  </component>
+</module>

short_cut_implementation/.idea/vcs.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project version="4">
+  <component name="VcsDirectoryMappings">
+    <mapping directory="$PROJECT_DIR$/.." vcs="Git" />
+  </component>
+</project>

short_cut_implementation/topology/extendedsimplenetwork.py

@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-from mininet.topo import Topo
-from mininet.net import Mininet
-from mininet.node import Node
-from mininet.log import setLogLevel, info
-from mininet.cli import CLI
-
-class LinuxRouter(Node):
-
-    def config(self, **params):
-        super(LinuxRouter, self).config(**params)
-        self.cmd('sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1')
-
-    def terminate(self):
-        self.cmd('sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=0')
-        super(LinuxRouter,self).terminate()
-
-class ShortCutTestTopo(Topo):
-    def build(self, **_opts):
-        # 
-        R1 = self.addNode('r1', cls=LinuxRouter, ip='10.1.0.1/24')
-        R2 = self.addNode('r2', cls=LinuxRouter, ip='10.2.0.1/24')
-        R3 = self.addNode('r3', cls=LinuxRouter, ip='10.3.0.1/24')
-        #R4 = self.addNode('r4', cls=LinuxRouter, ip='10.4.0.1/24')
-
-        #S1 = self.addSwitch('s1')
-        #S2 = self.addSwitch('s2')
-        h1 = self.addHost('h1', ip='10.1.0.11/24', defaultRoute='via 10.1.0.1')
-        h2 = self.addHost('h2', ip='10.2.0.21/24', defaultRoute='via 10.2.0.1')
-        h3 = self.addHost('h3', ip='10.3.0.31/24', defaultRoute='via 10.3.0.1')
-
-
-        self.addLink(h1, R1, inftName2='r1-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.1.0.1/24'})
-        self.addLink(h2, R2, intfName2='r2-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.2.0.1/24'})
-        self.addLink(h3, R3, intfName2='r3-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.3.0.1/24'})
-      
-
-        #h3 = self.addHost('h3', ip='10.4.0.103/24', defaultRoute='via 10.4.0.1')   
-        
-        #S3 = self.addSwitch('s3')
-
-        #self.addLink(S1, R1, intfName2='r1-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.0.0.1/24'})
-        #self.addLink(S2, R2, intfName2='r2-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.1.0.1/24'})        
-
-        self.addLink(R1, R2, intfName1='r1-eth2', intfName2='r2-eth2', params1={'ip': '10.112.0.12/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.112.0.22/24'})
-        self.addLink(R1, R3, intfName1='r1-eth3', intfName2='r3-eth2', params1={'ip': '10.113.0.13/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.113.0.32/24'})
-        self.addLink(R2, R3, intfName1='r2-eth3', intfName2='r3-eth3', params1={'ip': '10.123.0.23/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.123.0.33/24'})
-
-        #self.addLink(h1, R1, intfName1='h1-eth0', intfName2='r1-eth1', params1={'ip': '10.1.0.11/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.1.0.1/24'})
-        #self.addLink(h2, R2, intfName1='h2-eth0', intfName2='r2-eth1', params1={'ip': '10.2.0.21/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.2.0.1/24'})
-        #self.addLink(h3, R3, intfName1='h3-eth0', intfName2='r3-eth1', params1={'ip': '10.3.0.31/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.3.0.1/24'})
-
-def run():
-    topo = ShortCutTestTopo()
-    net = Mininet(topo=topo)
-
-    info(net['r1'].cmd('ip route add 10.2.0.0/24 via 10.112.0.22 dev r1-eth2'))
-    info(net['r1'].cmd('ip route add 10.3.0.0/24 via 10.113.0.32 dev r1-eth3'))
-    info(net['r2'].cmd('ip route add 10.1.0.0/24 via 10.112.0.12 dev r2-eth2'))
-    info(net['r2'].cmd('ip route add 10.3.0.0/24 via 10.123.0.33 dev r2-eth3'))
-
-    info(net['r3'].cmd('ip route add 10.1.0.0/24 via 10.113.0.13 dev r3-eth2'))
-    info(net['r3'].cmd('ip route add 10.2.0.0/24 via 10.123.0.23 dev r3-eth3'))
-    #info('1: ' + net['r1'].cmd('ip route add 10.1.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.2 dev r1-eth2'))
-    #info('2: ' + net['r1'].cmd('ip route add 10.3.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.3 dev r1-eth3'))
-    #info('3: ' + net['r1'].cmd('ip route add 10.4.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.2 dev r1-eth2'))
-
-    #info('4: ' + net['r2'].cmd('ip route add 10.0.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.1 dev r2-eth2'))
-    #info('5: ' + net['r2'].cmd('ip route add 10.3.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.1 dev r2-eth2'))
-    #info('6: ' + net['r2'].cmd('ip route add 10.4.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.4 dev r2-eth3'))
-
-    #info('7: ' + net['r3'].cmd('ip route add 10.1.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.1 dev r3-eth1'))
-    #info('8: ' + net['r3'].cmd('ip route add 10.2.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.1 dev r3-eth2'))
-    #info('9: ' + net['r3'].cmd('ip route add 10.4.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.4 dev r3-eth2'))
-
-    #info('10: ' + net['r4'].cmd('ip route add 10.1.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.2 dev r4-eth2'))
-    #info('11: ' + net['r4'].cmd('ip route add 10.2.1.0/24 via 10.100.0.2 dev r4-eth2'))
-    #info('12: ' + net['r4'].cmd('ip route add 10.3.1.0/24 via 10.100.0.3 dev r4-eth3'))
-
-
-    net.start()
-    CLI(net)
-    #net.pingAll()
-    net.stop()
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    setLogLevel('info')
-    run()
-
-
-

short_cut_implementation/topology/shortcut_extendedsimplenetwork.py

@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-from mininet.topo import Topo
-from mininet.net import Mininet
-from mininet.node import Node
-from mininet.log import setLogLevel, info
-from mininet.cli import CLI
-
-class LinuxRouter(Node):
-
-    def config(self, **params):
-        super(LinuxRouter, self).config(**params)
-        self.cmd('sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1')
-
-    def terminate(self):
-        self.cmd('sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=0')
-        super(LinuxRouter,self).terminate()
-
-class ShortCutTestTopo(Topo):
-    def build(self, **_opts):
-        # 
-        R1 = self.addNode('r1', cls=LinuxRouter, ip='10.1.0.1/24')
-        R2 = self.addNode('r2', cls=LinuxRouter, ip='10.2.0.1/24')
-        R3 = self.addNode('r3', cls=LinuxRouter, ip='10.3.0.1/24')
-        R4 = self.addNode('r4', cls=LinuxRouter, ip='10.4.0.1/24')
-
-        #S1 = self.addSwitch('s1')
-        #S2 = self.addSwitch('s2')
-        h1 = self.addHost('h1', ip='10.1.0.11/24', defaultRoute='via 10.1.0.1')
-        h2 = self.addHost('h2', ip='10.2.0.21/24', defaultRoute='via 10.2.0.1')
-        h3 = self.addHost('h3', ip='10.3.0.31/24', defaultRoute='via 10.3.0.1')
-        h4 = self.addHost('h4', ip='10.4.0.41/24', defaultRoute='via 10.4.0.1')
-
-        self.addLink(h1, R1, inftName2='r1-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.1.0.1/24'})
-        self.addLink(h2, R2, intfName2='r2-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.2.0.1/24'})
-        self.addLink(h3, R3, intfName2='r3-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.3.0.1/24'})
-        self.addLink(h4, R4, intfName2='r4-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.4.0.1/24'})
-      
-
-        #h3 = self.addHost('h3', ip='10.4.0.103/24', defaultRoute='via 10.4.0.1')   
-        
-        #S3 = self.addSwitch('s3')
-
-        #self.addLink(S1, R1, intfName2='r1-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.0.0.1/24'})
-        #self.addLink(S2, R2, intfName2='r2-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.1.0.1/24'})        
-
-        self.addLink(R1, R2, intfName1='r1-eth2', intfName2='r2-eth2', params1={'ip': '10.112.0.12/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.112.0.22/24'})
-        self.addLink(R1, R3, intfName1='r1-eth3', intfName2='r3-eth2', params1={'ip': '10.113.0.13/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.113.0.32/24'})
-        #self.addLink(R2, R3, intfName1='r2-eth3', intfName2='r3-eth3', params1={'ip': '10.123.0.23/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.123.0.33/24'})
-        self.addLink(R2, R4, intfName1='r2-eth3', intfName2='r4-eth2', params1={'ip': '10.124.0.23/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.124.0.42/24'})
-        self.addLink(R3, R4, intfName1='r3-eth3', intfName2='r4-eth3', params1={'ip': '10.134.0.33/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.134.0.43/24'})
-
-
-
-        #self.addLink(h1, R1, intfName1='h1-eth0', intfName2='r1-eth1', params1={'ip': '10.1.0.11/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.1.0.1/24'})
-        #self.addLink(h2, R2, intfName1='h2-eth0', intfName2='r2-eth1', params1={'ip': '10.2.0.21/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.2.0.1/24'})
-        #self.addLink(h3, R3, intfName1='h3-eth0', intfName2='r3-eth1', params1={'ip': '10.3.0.31/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.3.0.1/24'})
-
-def run():
-    topo = ShortCutTestTopo()
-    net = Mininet(topo=topo)
-
-    #info(net['r1'].cmd('ip route add 10.2.0.0/24 via 10.112.0.22 dev r1-eth2'))
-    #info(net['r1'].cmd('ip route add 10.3.0.0/24 via 10.113.0.32 dev r1-eth3'))
-    info(net['r1'].cmd('ip route add 10.4.0.0/24 via 10.112.0.22 dev r1-eth2'))
-    info(net['r2'].cmd('ip route add 10.1.0.0/24 via 10.112.0.12 dev r2-eth2'))
-    #info(net['r2'].cmd('ip route add 10.3.0.0/24 via 10.112.0.12 dev r2-eth2'))
-    info(net['r2'].cmd('ip route add 10.4.0.0/24 via 10.124.0.42 dev r2-eth3'))
-
-    #info(net['r3'].cmd('ip route add 10.1.0.0/24 via 10.113.0.13 dev r3-eth2'))
-    #info(net['r3'].cmd('ip route add 10.2.0.0/24 via 10.113.0.13 dev r3-eth2'))
-    info(net['r4'].cmd('ip route add 10.1.0.0/24 via 10.124.0.23 dev r4-eth2'))
-    info(net['r4'].cmd('ip route add 10.112.0.0/24 via 10.124.0.23 dev r4-eth2'))
-    
-    #info('1: ' + net['r1'].cmd('ip route add 10.1.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.2 dev r1-eth2'))
-    #info('2: ' + net['r1'].cmd('ip route add 10.3.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.3 dev r1-eth3'))
-    #info('3: ' + net['r1'].cmd('ip route add 10.4.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.2 dev r1-eth2'))
-
-    #info('4: ' + net['r2'].cmd('ip route add 10.0.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.1 dev r2-eth2'))
-    #info('5: ' + net['r2'].cmd('ip route add 10.3.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.1 dev r2-eth2'))
-    #info('6: ' + net['r2'].cmd('ip route add 10.4.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.4 dev r2-eth3'))
-
-    #info('7: ' + net['r3'].cmd('ip route add 10.1.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.1 dev r3-eth1'))
-    #info('8: ' + net['r3'].cmd('ip route add 10.2.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.1 dev r3-eth2'))
-    #info('9: ' + net['r3'].cmd('ip route add 10.4.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.4 dev r3-eth2'))
-
-    #r1-eth2info('10: ' + net['r4'].cmd('ip route add 10.1.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.2 dev r4-eth2'))
-    #info('11: ' + net['r4'].cmd('ip route add 10.2.1.0/24 via 10.100.0.2 dev r4-eth2'))
-    #info('12: ' + net['r4'].cmd('ip route add 10.3.1.0/24 via 10.100.0.3 dev r4-eth3'))
-
-
-    net.start()
-    CLI(net)
-    #net.pingAll()
-    net.stop()
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    setLogLevel('info')
-    run()
-
-
-

short_cut_implementation/topology/shortcut_listener.py

@@ -4,21 +4,21 @@ import os
 import argparse
 import ipaddress
 
+
 def modify_iptable(packet):
     print("Got packet in queue")
 
     parsed_packet = IP(packet.get_payload())
     if IP in parsed_packet:
-        ip_src=parsed_packet[IP].src
-        ip_dest=parsed_packet[IP].dst
+        ip_src = parsed_packet[IP].src
+        ip_dest = parsed_packet[IP].dst
         network = ipaddress.IPv4Network(f"{ip_dest}/{args.subnet_mask}", strict=False)
-        ip_dest_network = network.network_address 
+        ip_dest_network = network.network_address
 
-    if ip_src and ip_dest: 
+    if ip_src and ip_dest:
         print(f"Deleting rule to {ip_dest_network}/{args.subnet_mask} via {args.gateway}")
         os.system(f"ip route delete to {ip_dest_network}/{args.subnet_mask} via {args.gateway}")
     packet.accept()
-    
 
 
 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()

short_cut_implementation/topology/shortcut_test_topology.py

@@ -5,16 +5,17 @@ from mininet.log import setLogLevel, info
 from mininet.cli import CLI
 import argparse
 
+
 class LinuxRouter(Node):
 
     def config(self, **params):
         super(LinuxRouter, self).config(**params)
-
         self.cmd('sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1')
 
     def terminate(self):
         self.cmd('sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=0')
-        super(LinuxRouter,self).terminate()
+        super(LinuxRouter, self).terminate()
+
 
 class ShortCutTestTopo(Topo):
     def build(self):
@@ -32,61 +33,42 @@ class ShortCutTestTopo(Topo):
 
         # Connecting switches to routers
         self.addLink(S1, R1, intfName2='r1-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.1.0.1/24'})
-        self.addLink(S2, R2, intfName2='r2-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.2.0.1/24'})        
-        self.addLink(S3, R3, intfName2='r3-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.3.0.1/24'})        
+        self.addLink(S2, R2, intfName2='r2-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.2.0.1/24'})
+        self.addLink(S3, R3, intfName2='r3-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.3.0.1/24'})
         self.addLink(S4, R4, intfName2='r4-eth1', params2={'ip': '10.4.0.1/24'})
 
         # Connecting routers to each other
-        self.addLink(R1, R2, intfName1='r1-eth2', intfName2='r2-eth2', params1={'ip': '10.112.0.11/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.112.0.21/24'})
-        self.addLink(R1, R3, intfName1='r1-eth3', intfName2='r3-eth2', params1={'ip': '10.113.0.12/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.113.0.31/24'})
-        self.addLink(R2, R4, intfName1='r2-eth3', intfName2='r4-eth2', params1={'ip': '10.124.0.22/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.124.0.41/24'})
-        self.addLink(R3, R4, intfName1='r3-eth3', intfName2='r4-eth3', params1={'ip': '10.134.0.32/24'}, params2={'ip': '10.134.0.42/24'})
-              
+        self.addLink(R1, R2, intfName1='r1-eth2', intfName2='r2-eth2', params1={'ip': '10.112.0.11/24'},
+                     params2={'ip': '10.112.0.21/24'})
+        self.addLink(R1, R3, intfName1='r1-eth3', intfName2='r3-eth2', params1={'ip': '10.113.0.12/24'},
+                     params2={'ip': '10.113.0.31/24'})
+        self.addLink(R2, R4, intfName1='r2-eth3', intfName2='r4-eth2', params1={'ip': '10.124.0.22/24'},
+                     params2={'ip': '10.124.0.41/24'})
+        self.addLink(R3, R4, intfName1='r3-eth3', intfName2='r4-eth3', params1={'ip': '10.134.0.32/24'},
+                     params2={'ip': '10.134.0.42/24'})
+
         s = self.addHost('s', ip='10.1.0.101/24', defaultRoute='via 10.1.0.1')
         h = self.addHost('h', ip='10.2.0.102/24', defaultRoute='via 10.2.0.1')
-        d = self.addHost('d', ip='10.4.0.103/24', defaultRoute='via 10.4.0.1')   
- 
+        d = self.addHost('d', ip='10.4.0.103/24', defaultRoute='via 10.4.0.1')
 
-        for h, s in [(s,S1), (h,S2), (d,S4)]:
+        for h, s in [(s, S1), (h, S2), (d, S4)]:
             self.addLink(h, s)
 
+
 def get_tests():
     available_tests = []
     for test, test_data in tests.items():
         available_tests.append(test)
     print('Currently available tests are: ' + str(available_tests))
 
+
 def interface_shutdown(component, component_name, interface):
     info(f"Shutting down intf {interface} on {component_name}\n")
     component.cmd(f"ifconfig {interface} down")
 
-tests = {
-    "s_to_d_failure_test": {
-        "pre_execution": lambda net: net["s"].cmd("ping -c 5 10.4.0.103") ,
-        "source": "s",
-        "destination": "d",
-        "destination_ip": "10.4.0.103",
-        "execute": lambda net: net["s"].cmd("ping -c 10 10.4.0.103"),
-        "failures": [
-            {
-                "type": "intermediate",
-                "execute": lambda net: connection_shutdown(net, ['r2', 'r4'], ['Router 2', 'Router 4'], ['r2-eth3', 'r4-eth2'])
-            }
-        ]
-    },
-    "s_to_d_failure_performance_test": {
-        "source": "s",
-        "destination": "d",
-        "destination_ip": "10.4.0.103",
-        "execute": lambda net: net.iperf((net['s'], net['d'])),
-        "failures": [
-            {
-                "type": "intermediate",
-                "execute": lambda net: connection_shutdown(net, ['r2', 'r4'], ['Router 2', 'Router 4'], ['r2-eth3', 'r4-eth2'])
-            }
-        ]
-    }
-}
+
+
+
 
 def connection_shutdown(net, connection, names, interfaces):
     counter = 0
@@ -97,30 +79,32 @@ def connection_shutdown(net, connection, names, interfaces):
         interface_shutdown(net[component], name, interface)
         counter += 1
 
+
 def implement_shortcut(router, interface, dest_ip, gateway, queue_id):
     # implement hook
     info(f"Adding hook for {interface} to {dest_ip} in Queue {queue_id}\n")
     router.cmd(f"iptables -I FORWARD -p all --in-interface {interface} --destination {dest_ip} -j NFQUEUE --queue-num {queue_id}")
     # execute listener
-    #router.cmd(f"sudo python3 shortcut_listener.py -g {gateway} -id {queue_id} &> listener.log &")
+    router.cmd(f"sudo python3 shortcut_listener.py -g {gateway} -id {queue_id} &> listener.log &")
+
 
 def run(execute_test=None):
     topo = ShortCutTestTopo()
     net = Mininet(topo=topo)
-    
+
     routings = {
         "r1": {
             "default": [
                 ("10.2.0.0/24", "10.112.0.21", "r1-eth2", 10),
                 ("10.3.0.0/24", "10.113.0.31", "r1-eth3", 10),
                 ("10.4.0.0/24", "10.112.0.21", "r1-eth2", 10),
-                ("10.4.0.0/24", "10.113.0.31", "r1-eth3", 20), # "fast-rerouting", in case r2 is disconnected
+                ("10.4.0.0/24", "10.113.0.31", "r1-eth3", 20),  # "fast-rerouting", in case r2 is disconnected
                 ("10.124.0.0/24", "10.112.0.21", "r1-eth2", 10),
                 ("10.134.0.0/24", "10.113.0.31", "r1-eth3", 10)
             ],
             "incoming_eth2": [
-                ("10.4.0.0/24","10.113.0.31", "r1-eth3", 10),
-                ("10.3.0.0/24","10.113.0.31", "r1-eth3", 10)
+                ("10.4.0.0/24", "10.113.0.31", "r1-eth3", 10),
+                ("10.3.0.0/24", "10.113.0.31", "r1-eth3", 10)
             ],
             "incoming_eth3": [
                 ("10.4.0.0/24", "10.112.0.21", "r1-eth2", 10),
@@ -132,7 +116,7 @@ def run(execute_test=None):
                 ("10.1.0.0/24", "10.112.0.11", "r2-eth2", 10),
                 ("10.3.0.0/24", "10.112.0.11", "r2-eth2", 10),
                 ("10.4.0.0/24", "10.124.0.41", "r2-eth3", 10),
-                ("10.4.0.0/24", "10.112.0.11", "r2-eth2", 20), # "fast-rerouting" in case connection to r4 is lost
+                ("10.4.0.0/24", "10.112.0.11", "r2-eth2", 20),  # "fast-rerouting" in case connection to r4 is lost
                 ("10.134.0.0/24", "10.124.0.41", "r2-eth3", 10),
             ],
             "incoming_eth2": [
@@ -159,11 +143,11 @@ def run(execute_test=None):
             ]
         }
     }
-  
+
     policy_routings = {
         "r1": {
             "rules": [
-                {   
+                {
                     "table": "incoming_eth2",
                     "inport": "r1-eth2",
                     "to": ["10.4.0.0/24"]
@@ -184,8 +168,7 @@ def run(execute_test=None):
                 }
             ]
         }
-            
-        
+
     }
 
     table_interface_map = {}
@@ -194,7 +177,6 @@ def run(execute_test=None):
         for rule in policies["rules"]:
             if rule["table"] not in table_interface_map[router]:
                 table_interface_map[router][rule["table"]] = rule["inport"]
-    print(table_interface_map)
     # adding static routes
     for router, configuration in routings.items():
         tables = []
@@ -223,7 +205,6 @@ def run(execute_test=None):
                         shortcut_queue_id += 1
 
                 net[router].cmd(f"ip route add {table_string}{address} via {gateway} dev {interface} metric {priority}")
-          
 
     # adding additional routing tables, we use 200 as custom table number
     for router, policies in policy_routings.items():
@@ -231,21 +212,16 @@ def run(execute_test=None):
             for to in rule['to']:
                 net[router].cmd(f"ip rule add iif {rule['inport']} to {to} table {rule['table']}")
 
-
-    
-
-        
-
     # if we want to create a timed failure (maybe while pinging), we can use a timer
-    #router2_failure = Timer(15, introduce_failure(net["r2"], "r2-eth3"))
+    # router2_failure = Timer(15, introduce_failure(net["r2"], "r2-eth3"))
 
     net.start()
-    #CLI(net)
+    # CLI(net)
     n = 1
     if execute_test:
         if execute_test in tests:
             test_data = tests[execute_test]
-#            print(test_data)
+            #            print(test_data)
             repeat_test = False
             info(f"---- Performing test on route {test_data['source']} -> {test_data['destination']} ----\n")
             if test_data['failures']:
@@ -265,7 +241,7 @@ def run(execute_test=None):
             info(f"Performing test {n}\n")
             results = test_data['execute'](net)
             if type(results) is str:
-                info(results+'\n')
+                info(results + '\n')
 
             if intermediates:
                 repeat_test = True
@@ -278,11 +254,12 @@ def run(execute_test=None):
                     test_data['pre_execution'](net)
                 results = test_data['execute'](net)
                 if type(results) is str:
-                    info(results+'\n')
+                    info(results + '\n')
             n += 1
-    else: CLI(net)
+    else:
+        CLI(net)
 
-    #introduce_failure(net["r2"], "r2-eth3")
+    # introduce_failure(net["r2"], "r2-eth3")
     net.stop()
 
 
@@ -290,12 +267,9 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
     setLogLevel('info')
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('--tests', help='will list all available tests', action='store_true')
-    parser.add_argument('--test', help='will perform defined test on execution') 
+    parser.add_argument('--test', help='will perform defined test on execution')
     args = parser.parse_args()
     if args.tests:
         get_tests()
         exit()
     run(args.test)
-
-
-

short_cut_implementation/topology/testnetwork.py

@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python
-from mininet.topo import Topo
-from mininet.net import Mininet
-from mininet.node import Node
-from mininet.log import setLogLevel, info
-from mininet.cli import CLI
-
-
-class LinuxRouter(Node):
-    def config(self, **params):
-        super(LinuxRouter, self).config(**params)
-        self.cmd('sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1')
-
-    def terminate(self):
-        self.cmd('sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=0')
-        super(LinuxRouter, self).terminate()
-
-
-class NetworkTopo(Topo):
-    def build(self, **_opts):
-        # Add 2 routers in two different subnets
-        r1 = self.addHost('r1', cls=LinuxRouter, ip='10.0.0.1/24')
-        r2 = self.addHost('r2', cls=LinuxRouter, ip='10.1.0.1/24')
-
-        # Add 2 switches
-        s1 = self.addSwitch('s1')
-        s2 = self.addSwitch('s2')
-
-        # Add host-switch links in the same subnet
-        self.addLink(s1,
-                     r1,
-                     intfName2='r1-eth1',
-                     params2={'ip': '10.0.0.1/24'})
-
-        self.addLink(s2,
-                     r2,
-                     intfName2='r2-eth1',
-                     params2={'ip': '10.1.0.1/24'})
-
-        # Add router-router link in a new subnet for the router-router connection
-        self.addLink(r1,
-                     r2,
-                     intfName1='r1-eth2',
-                     intfName2='r2-eth2',
-                     params1={'ip': '10.100.0.1/24'},
-                     params2={'ip': '10.100.0.2/24'})
-
-        # Adding hosts specifying the default route
-        d1 = self.addHost(name='d1',
-                          ip='10.0.0.251/24',
-                          defaultRoute='via 10.0.0.1')
-        d2 = self.addHost(name='d2',
-                          ip='10.1.0.252/24',
-                          defaultRoute='via 10.1.0.1')
-
-        # Add host-switch links
-        self.addLink(d1, s1)
-        self.addLink(d2, s2)
-
-
-def run():
-    topo = NetworkTopo()
-    net = Mininet(topo=topo)
-
-    # Add routing for reaching networks that aren't directly connected
-    info(net['r1'].cmd("ip route add 10.1.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.2 dev r1-eth2"))
-    info(net['r2'].cmd("ip route add 10.0.0.0/24 via 10.100.0.1 dev r2-eth2"))
-
-    net.start()
-    CLI(net)
-    net.stop()
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    setLogLevel('info')
-    run()

thesis/content/basics/basics.tex

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 \chapter{Basics}
 \label{basics}
 
-In this chapter we are going to give an overview over common network setups and failure recovery mechanisms.
+In this chapter we are going to give an overview over common network setups, failure recovery mechanisms, as well as common failure scenarios in networks and methods to evaluate the performance of a network, either in an error free state or after the occurrence of a failure.
 
 \section{Resilient routing in networks}
-Modern networks have high requirements for flexibility and configurability. While in the past many of these challenges were solved by specialized networking devices, the current trend strives towards softwarized networks, taking complexity from single devices and instead using centralized controllers like POX to handle logical operations (\cite{Rak.2020}) on the so-called control plane.
+Modern networks have high requirements for flexibility and configurability, ranging from firewalls and subnets to high redundancy and high complexity networks. 
+In the past many of these challenges were solved by specialized networking devices which offered their own proprietary configuration capabilites, including interfaces, protocols and software. In many cases this would lead to companies using one supplier for the biggest part of their networks, as well as huge amounts of manual labour configuring each device.
+
+While many networks still are configured manually, the current trend strives towards softwarized networks, taking complexity from single devices and instead using centralized controllers like POX to handle logical operations (\cite{Rak.2020}) on the so-called control plane, especially in very big networks. This would allow network admins to have a real time overview over the network, implement new software controlled features on the fly or create virtual network environments. A cloud provider could create automatic processes using a SDN controller to configure virtual networks for a tenant in seconds.
 
 Typically a controller like POX would manage the flow of packets, react to failures and also provide an interface for business logic, allowing for the creation of intelligent networks.
 
@@ -12,7 +15,7 @@ This causes networks to be logically split between the data plane, describing op
 
 
 \subsection{Data plane}
-Actions that are performed directly on the network components, e.g. routers and switches, belong to the data plane. The amount of available information about the network on each of these components is inherently limited, at most including directly neighbouring components.
+Actions that are performed directly on the network components, e.g. routers and switches belong to the data plane. The amount of available information about the network on each of these components is inherently limited, at most including directly neighbouring components.
 
 As such, most methods providing additional network resilience on the data plane are network agnostic and operations executed on the data plane can be assumed to be very fast as overhead produced by e.g. communication protocols is avoided.
 One widely used method to add resilience are static routes that are installed directly on the components, re-routing traffic in case of failures. These are called local \textit{fast re-routing} (FRR) (\textcite{Nelakuditi.2007}).
@@ -22,11 +25,9 @@ Because FRR acts on the data-plane it reacts very fast and will re-route packets
 
 
 \subsection{Control plane}
-In contrast, 
-
-a global convergence protocol like \textit{Open Shortest Path First} (OSPF) (\textcite{Moy.1998}) will react on failures by collecting information about the network and calculating near-optimal alternative routes. It then re-writes the routing tables on each affected component with protocols like OpenFlow.
+In contrast, a global convergence protocol like \textit{Open Shortest Path First} (OSPF) (\textcite{Moy.1998}) and a SDN controller will react on failures by collecting information about the network and calculating near-optimal alternative routes. It would then re-write the routing tables on each affected component with protocols like OpenFlow.
 
-This operation on the control plane is more thorough, but calculating and re-writing rules takes a few seconds, which is very fast by human standards, but is still slow enough to potentially create backlog and reduce availability.
+This operation on the control plane is more thorough, but calculating and re-writing rules takes a few seconds, which is very fast by human standards, but still slow enough to potentially create backlog and reduce availability.
 
 This is the reason why most modern networks will use a combination of FRR and a global convergence protocol, allowing sub-optimal paths to restore availability while the global convergence protocol provides an optimised routing after some time.
 
@@ -35,13 +36,21 @@ This is the reason why most modern networks will use a combination of FRR and a
 The combination of FRR and global convergence protocols creates a time gap, in which traffic is re-routed by FRR and the network waits for the global convergence protocol. Loops created by the FRR routes will affect the network in this time frame and will not only potentially delay traffic but also reserve scarce link capacity on looped routes.
 To alleviate this issue, multiple solutions were proposed that will either enhance FRR or correct sub-optimal routings created by FRR.
 
-\subsubsection{Multiple routing layers}
+\subsubsection{Resilient Routing Layers}
 The addition of multiple routing layers (\textcite{Kvalbein.2005}) would provide a more optimised fallback route for every affected link, creating an optimised version of FRR, but would require the network to be a full topology, limiting the applicable cases.
 
 \subsubsection{ShortCut}
 ShortCut (\textcite{Shukla.2021}) in turn would remove loops created by FRR by editing the routing table in case a packet is received on an ethernet device that should have been responsible for delivering the packet. Realising this solution requires either a configurable router or a controller component directly attached to each router to increase performance.
 ShortCut is applicable to most network topologies as well as pre-existing FRR and global convergence stacks.
 
+\begin{figure}
+	\centering
+	\fbox{\includegraphics[width=6cm]{shortcut_example_1}}
+	\fbox{\includegraphics[width=6cm]{shortcut_example_2}}
+	\caption{Concept of Shortcut}
+  	\label{fig:shortcut_example}
+\end{figure}
+
 \subsubsection{Data-driven connectivity}
 DDC (\textcite{Liu.2011}) tries to leverage all accessible data by using link reversal algorithms, propagating changes through the network. While this overcomes the information draught imposed by the data plane, it is inherently slower as link reversal algorithms converge in quadratic time (source needed?).
 
@@ -58,8 +67,10 @@ With virtualization it becomes possible to implement huge network structures and
 
 
 \subsection{Mininet}
-Mininet is a tool to create virtual networks, with each component running its own linux kernel on a single system.
-Each of these components can be configured, including ethernet devices and ip routing tables, by either connecting directly and executing commands on a terminal or by creating python scripts using Mininets Python API.
+Mininet is a tool to create virtual networks, with each component running its own linux kernel on a single system. This is done using network namespaces, which is a feature of the linux kernel allowing for independent network stacks with separate network devices, routes and firewall rules. 
+
+A Mininet network can consist of hosts, routers, switches and controllers, which are connected via links. For each connection an ethernet interface is created on each component and an ip address is assigned. This allows for the creation of any topology and custom subnet structures.
+The components can be configured by accessing each component via a terminal 
 
 Additionally it supports the OpenFlow protocol and the usage of controllers like POX, as well as the P4 language (add source), which can be used to customize packet handling even more. Written controllers can then even be used in real life setups that replicate the created network in Mininet and retain their programmed functionality.
 
@@ -70,6 +81,12 @@ Its throughput is dependent on CPU capabilities, but by allowing for limitations
 Each component comes equipped with a set of tools including iperf2 by default, and the pre-configured Mininet VM also includes tools like wireshark, making Mininet a good option for non-hardware performance testing and experimentation.
 
 \subsection{Failure scenarios}
-Network failures can occur due to a paramount of reasons, including the failure of links and network devices like routers or human errors like misconfiguration. 
+Network failures can occur due to a paramount of reasons, including the failure of links and network devices like routers or human errors like misconfiguration.
+While most of there failures can be compensated to a certain degree, we would like to focus on single link failures with existing backup routes in this work.
+
+A router would recognize the failure and resend every packet to a lower priority route for a given destination IP. These routes would be in most cases either an alternative route directly connected to the router or, in case no other route is available, the packet is sent over the same route it came into the router.
+
+
+
 \subsection{Measuring performance}
 Write something about how performance can be measured (iperf2, simple ping) and which constraints results from different types of measurements might have. Also write about how e.g. limiting the throughput on the entire network still keeps results from measurements transferable to real life networks.

thesis/content/implementation/implementation.tex

@@ -1,48 +1,9 @@
 \chapter{Implementation}
 In the following chapter we will implement an examplary network in Mininet, including routing between hosts and routers. 
-Additionally we will implement multiple failure recovery mechanisms. 
+Additionally we will implement fast re-routing as well as ShortCut. 
 
-\section{Setting up a test network}
-We describe the setup of a simple network which we will continue to use for the tests of different fast recovery methods.
-The example network consists of 4 routers and 3 hosts as can be seen in figure \ref{fig:figure_example_network}.
+\input{content/implementation/test_network}
 
-\begin{figure}
-	\centering
-	\includegraphics[width=9cm]{figure_example_network}
-	\caption{Exemplary network for testing purposes}
-  	\label{fig:figure_example_network}
-\end{figure}
+\input{content/implementation/resilient_routing_tables}
 
-Each host is in its own subnet and must be able to communicate with each other router and host. 
-The network is implemented using the Mininet Python API, where each router is created as a node, which is the most basic networking unit in Mininet. A basic node is a linux kernel with networking capabilities and is assigned an ip address which its first network device will use. We then activate IPv4 forwarding with \textit{sysctl} to create a pseudo-router.
- 
-The hosts are implemented by using the already provided \textit{Host} subclass of \textit{Node} in Mininet and only require an identifier, a network ip for their ethernet device and a default gateway ip address.
-
-When adding the connections to the network we create a subnet structure with each router having a subnet per host, as well as a subnet for each connected router for inter-router communication.
-
-After connecting the network, we create the routing tables for each router to enable packet transfer between hosts and routers.
-
-\section{Resilient routing tables}
-To implement FRR it is required to identify returning packets.
-
-Depending on the target address and the interface of entry we can determine whether a packet is taking its regular route or if it is a returning packet. In case of a returning packet it would need to take an alternative route if possible.
-
-In our simple network this would be the case in a scenario where a packet is going from H1 to H3, but the link between R2 and R4 would be unavailable. R2 then returns the packet to R1. The information that a packet to H3 should not normally be received on the ethernet device linked to R2 can be used to re-route this packet by using additional routing tables, referenced by ip policy rules.
-
-The function \textit{ip rule} is part of \textit{iproute2} (\cite{AlexeyKuznetsov.2022}) and allows for the addition of policy rules that decide for each packet coming into the router which routing table to use, depending on the destination, source, incoming interface or outgoing interface. It also provides additional options and configurations, but in this context only using the destination and the incoming interface will suffice.
-
-By specifying additional routing tables for each router and each input, and adding alternative routes, we effectively implement FRR behaviour.
-
-\section{ShortCut Implementation}
-The implementation of ShortCut requires additional behaviour in case a packet uses an alternative route that was defined by FRR.
-In case such a packet is received we then have to modify the ip route tables according to the received packet.
-
-\subsection{Additional behaviour (wip)}
-
-There are a few options when trying to add behaviour in case certain packets are received.
-
-By rewriting the whole router/switch logic in P4, we would be able to implement cases in which certain scripts would be triggered, e.g. if a ip policy rule is hit and re-routes a packet. But this would also require us to implement all complementary logic, e.g. ARP handling. In the context of this work this is not feasible.
-
-Another possible solution is the usage of low-complexity controllers, but to be able to accurately identify returning packets, the controller needs in depth knowledge about the routings and policy rules of a router. The easiest way to achieve this would be the implementation of subnets, routes and most of the logic inside the controller through flow table entries, but this would require a re-implementation of most of the routing logic as well.
-
-Packet filtering allows us to use most of the pre-existing functionality and logic, while still being able to react to certain packets. One way is the usage of \textit{iptables}.
+\input{content/implementation/shortcut_implementation}

thesis/content/implementation/resilient_routing_tables.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+\section{Resilient routing tables}
+To implement FRR it is required to identify returning packets.
+
+Depending on the target address and the interface of entry we can determine whether a packet is taking its regular route or if it is a returning packet. In case of a returning packet it would need to take an alternative route if possible.
+
+In our simple network this would be the case in a scenario where a packet is going from H1 to H3, but the link between R2 and R4 would be unavailable. R2 then returns the packet to R1. The information that a packet to H3 should not normally be received on the ethernet device linked to R2 can be used to re-route this packet by using additional routing tables, referenced by ip policy rules.
+
+The function \textit{ip rule} is part of \textit{iproute2} (\cite{AlexeyKuznetsov.2022}) and allows for the addition of policy rules that decide for each packet coming into the router which routing table to use, depending on the destination, source, incoming interface or outgoing interface. It also provides additional options and configurations, but in this context only using the destination and the incoming interface will suffice.
+
+By specifying additional routing tables for each router and each input, and adding alternative routes, we effectively implement FRR behaviour.

thesis/content/implementation/shortcut_implementation.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+\section{ShortCut Implementation}
+ShortCut uses knowledge about the device it is run on as well as sent and received packets.
+It should then be able to manipulate routing table entries in case certain conditions are met, e.g. if a specific ip table entry was hit, using the data accessible.
+
+The routing table manipulation has to take effect as fast as possible. Furthermore the performance impact of the ShortCut implementation has to be evaluated.
+
+
+
+\subsection{Additional behaviour (wip)}
+
+There are a few options when trying to add behaviour in case certain packets are received.
+
+The programming language P4 can be used to write router logic and compile it so that a Mininet routers behaviour could be changed completely. This would also allow us to execute additional functionality in certain cases, e.g. if a specific ip route table entry is hit, but would require a manual implementation of core router functionalities like ARP handling.
+In the context of this work this is not feasible.
+
+Another possible solution is the usage of low-complexity controllers, but to be able to accurately identify returning packets, the controller needs in depth knowledge about the routings and policy rules of a router. The easiest way to achieve this would be the implementation of subnets, routes and most of the logic inside the controller through flow table entries, but this would require a re-implementation of most of the routing logic as well.
+
+A far more easily implemented solution is packet filtering, which allows us to use most of the pre-existing functionality and logic while still being able to react to certain packets. In most linux distributions this functionality is already supplied using the \textit{nftables} package, which is mostly used for firewalls and therefore has the ability to specify rules for packets which will then be inserted to a multitude of targets, e.g. log files or a so called "netfilter queue". 
+
+\subsection{Implementation using nftables}
+
+Netfilter tables (\textit{nftables}) is a packet filtering tool for implementing firewalls in linux kernels and uses tables to store chains, which are a set of rules for incoming packets hooked to different parts of the network stack. These hook points are provided by the Netfilter kernel interface.
+
+It is certainly possible to write software using these hooks directly, but in the scope of this work we will use \textit{nftables} to expose packets using \textit{nftables} rule definitions and their possible targets.
+The targets include log files in which information about a received packet can be stored. An outside software could then monitor said log files and react to entries fitting a certain rule. \textit{nftables} even provides the option to write log prefixes to identify entries.
+
+When trying this method it was quickly discovered that even though this would be achievable in a realistic environment with linux kernel based routers, using this method in a namespaced networking environment like Mininet is not possible because logging to the default log file, which is a system log file, is disabled in the kernel. This measure was taken because logging to a system log, which is shared by each networking component in a namespaced network, could cause the host system to suffer from a self-inflicted denial of service attack.
+
+A far more sophisticated and also achievable approach in a namespaced networking environment is the usage of "netfilter queues". These were created for the purpose of exposing packets to a userspace software, which is exactly what we are trying to do.
+Netfilter queues can be numbered and are unique to their namespaced component, so that the netfilter queue 1 on router 1 will be different from the netfilter queue 1 on router 2. This is important because it saves us the manual distinction of netfilter queues. A packet hitting a netfilter table rule can then be added to a queue, which can be monitored by e.g. a python script. The python script would then be able to manipulate the ip route tables. 
+

thesis/content/implementation/test_network.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+\section{Setting up a test framework}
+
+We describe the setup of a simple test framework which we will continue to use for the tests of different fast recovery methods.
+The framework is implemented in python 3.8.
+
+\subsection{The testing framework}
+To perform tests for multiple topologies and failure scenarios, a structurized framework should be implemented.
+The core component is a Mininet controller, responsible to perform all operations on the Mininet network, using the Mininet python API. The Mininet controller has a set of supported topologies, each in their own module. These topologies inherit from a custom topology class, which in turn inherits from the Mininet Topo class. 
+
+Each topology has a \textit{build} function which is a predefined function for Mininet topologies and contains the setup of links, hosts and switches. 
+
+We create a pseudo router which inherits from the basic Mininet \textit{Node} class.
+A basic node is a linux kernel with networking capabilities and is assigned an IP address which its first network device will use.
+We then activate IPv4 forwarding with \textit{sysctl} to implement pseudo router behaviour.
+
+By specifying the class in an \textit{addNode} method call we are then able to create and add routers to our topology.
+
+Each topology also provides its own routing, IP policies for FRR and tests, as each of these have to be manually adjusted for their topology. They use a custom notation to store configurations in python dictionaries.
+
+\subsubsection{Routing configuration}
+The configuration for routings is a python dictionary. Each key specifies a router, which has to match the names specified for the routers in the \textit{build} method. This splits the configuration into dictionaries by router.
+
+Each router can contain multiple routing tables specified in the key by name. This table name will be used to create additional routing tables automatically. Lastly, there exists a list of routings for each routing table. A routing is a 4-tuple/quadruple consisting of the route with subnet mask, a gateway address, an outgoing interface and the metric priority, in that particular order.
+
+Each of these routings will be added automatically to their respective routing tables on the specified routers.
+
+\subsubsection{Policy configuration}
+The configuration of IP policies for the implementation of FRR follows a similar approach to the routing configuration. It is a python dictionary split by routers as keys. Each router then has a key "rules" which contains a list of dictionaries, each containing a specific rule.
+
+A rule consists of a table it should be applied to, an incoming port and a list of destination addresses. For each destination address an entry will be added to the IP policies, redirecting traffic to the specified table.
+
+\subsubsection{Test configuration}
+The test configuration is a python dictionary with test names as keys. Each test is defined by a python dictionary, containing information about the test.
+
+A test has two phases, the pre-execution phase and the execution phase. In the pre-execution phase a list of commands pre-defined by the Mininet controller can be used to prepare the network for a test. These commands can be specified under the key \textit{pre\textunderscore execution}. This was implemented because a network that was just created might have additional delays on the first execution of functions caused by e.g. ARP handling.
+
+The execution phase contains the actual testing. A list of commands can be executed and their results will be written to the Mininet console.
+
+Additionally, failures can be introduced to the network. The key \textit{failures} contains a list of failures, defined by a type and a list of commands. These ca
+
+\subsection{4 routers, 3 hosts topology}
+
+\begin{figure}
+	\centering
+	\includegraphics[width=9cm]{figure_example_network}
+	\caption{Exemplary network for testing purposes}
+  	\label{fig:figure_example_network}
+\end{figure}
+
+Each host is in its own subnet and must be able to communicate with each other router and host. 
+The network is implemented using the Mininet Python API, where each router is created as a node, which is the most basic networking unit in Mininet. 
+ 
+The hosts are implemented by using the already provided \textit{Host} subclass of \textit{Node} in Mininet and only require an identifier, a network ip for their ethernet device and a default gateway ip address.
+
+When adding the connections to the network we create a subnet structure with each router having a subnet per host, as well as a subnet for each connected router for inter-router communication.
+
+After connecting the network, we create the routing tables for each router to enable packet transfer between hosts and routers.

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thesis/settings/hyphenations.tex

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 % !TeX encoding = UTF-8
 % Just continue this space separated list
-\hyphenation{Tech-ni-sche Uni-ver-si-tät Dort-mund}
+\hyphenation{Tech-ni-sche Uni-ver-si-tät Dort-mund pre-execution pre-defined}