From 99c13b3d8f4f2dcc1841ba73603582080bb200c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Joshua Oreman <oremanj@hudson-trading.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Jan 2022 22:01:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] Improve & test error handling

---
 CHANGES.txt         |    3 +
 netfilterqueue.c    | 1560 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 netfilterqueue.pyx  |   20 +-
 tests/conftest.py   |    2 +-
 tests/test_basic.py |   19 +
 5 files changed, 992 insertions(+), 612 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGES.txt b/CHANGES.txt
index facbe80..6411b05 100644
--- a/CHANGES.txt
+++ b/CHANGES.txt
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ v0.9.0, unreleased
     Add Packet.retain() to save the packet contents in such cases
     Eliminate warnings during build on py3
     Add CI and basic test suite
+    Raise a warning, not an error, if we don't get the bufsize we want
+    Don't allow bind() more than once on the same NetfilterQueue, since
+      that would leak the old queue handle
 
 v0.8.1, 30 Jan 2017
     Fix bug #25- crashing when used in OUTPUT or POSTROUTING chains
diff --git a/netfilterqueue.c b/netfilterqueue.c
index 7d3a1a8..393269e 100644
--- a/netfilterqueue.c
+++ b/netfilterqueue.c
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ struct __pyx_obj_14netfilterqueue_NetfilterQueue {
 
 
 
-/* "netfilterqueue.pyx":48
+/* "netfilterqueue.pyx":53
  *     return 1
  * 
  * cdef class Packet:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -1378,6 +1378,36 @@ static int __Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(PyObject *kwds, PyObject **argnames[],\
     PyObject *kwds2, PyObject *values[], Py_ssize_t num_pos_args,\
     const char* function_name);
 
+/* decode_c_string_utf16.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors) {
+    int byteorder = 0;
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(s, size, errors, &byteorder);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16LE(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors) {
+    int byteorder = -1;
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(s, size, errors, &byteorder);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16BE(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors) {
+    int byteorder = 1;
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(s, size, errors, &byteorder);
+}
+
+/* decode_c_bytes.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_decode_c_bytes(
+         const char* cstring, Py_ssize_t length, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop,
+         const char* encoding, const char* errors,
+         PyObject* (*decode_func)(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors));
+
+/* decode_bytes.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_decode_bytes(
+         PyObject* string, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop,
+         const char* encoding, const char* errors,
+         PyObject* (*decode_func)(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)) {
+    return __Pyx_decode_c_bytes(
+        PyBytes_AS_STRING(string), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(string),
+        start, stop, encoding, errors, decode_func);
+}
+
 /* GetTopmostException.proto */
 #if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK
 static _PyErr_StackItem * __Pyx_PyErr_GetTopmostException(PyThreadState *tstate);
@@ -1394,6 +1424,14 @@ static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionReset(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject
 #define __Pyx_ExceptionReset(type, value, tb)  PyErr_SetExcInfo(type, value, tb)
 #endif
 
+/* GetException.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_GetException(type, value, tb)  __Pyx__GetException(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static int __Pyx__GetException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#else
+static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#endif
+
 /* FastTypeChecks.proto */
 #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
 #define __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type) __Pyx_IsSubtype(Py_TYPE(obj), (PyTypeObject *)type)
@@ -1407,14 +1445,6 @@ static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObj
 #endif
 #define __Pyx_PyException_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_Exception)
 
-/* GetException.proto */
-#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
-#define __Pyx_GetException(type, value, tb)  __Pyx__GetException(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
-static int __Pyx__GetException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
-#else
-static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
-#endif
-
 /* GetItemInt.proto */
 #define __Pyx_GetItemInt(o, i, type, is_signed, to_py_func, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck)\
     (__Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(i, type, is_signed) ?\
@@ -1701,10 +1731,12 @@ static const char __pyx_k_WB_MON[] = "WB-MON";
 static const char __pyx_k_accept[] = "accept";
 static const char __pyx_k_get_fd[] = "get_fd";
 static const char __pyx_k_import[] = "__import__";
+static const char __pyx_k_lineno[] = "lineno";
 static const char __pyx_k_reduce[] = "__reduce__";
 static const char __pyx_k_repeat[] = "repeat";
 static const char __pyx_k_retain[] = "retain";
 static const char __pyx_k_socket[] = "socket";
+static const char __pyx_k_unbind[] = "unbind";
 static const char __pyx_k_ETHERIP[] = "ETHERIP";
 static const char __pyx_k_ISO_TP4[] = "ISO-TP4";
 static const char __pyx_k_MFE_NSP[] = "MFE-NSP";
@@ -1722,11 +1754,14 @@ static const char __pyx_k_Mobility[] = "Mobility";
 static const char __pyx_k_Reserved[] = "Reserved";
 static const char __pyx_k_SSCOPMCE[] = "SSCOPMCE";
 static const char __pyx_k_WB_EXPAK[] = "WB-EXPAK";
+static const char __pyx_k_category[] = "category";
+static const char __pyx_k_filename[] = "filename";
 static const char __pyx_k_get_mark[] = "get_mark";
 static const char __pyx_k_getstate[] = "__getstate__";
 static const char __pyx_k_set_mark[] = "set_mark";
 static const char __pyx_k_setstate[] = "__setstate__";
 static const char __pyx_k_sock_len[] = "sock_len";
+static const char __pyx_k_warnings[] = "warnings";
 static const char __pyx_k_COPY_META[] = "COPY_META";
 static const char __pyx_k_COPY_NONE[] = "COPY_NONE";
 static const char __pyx_k_IDPR_CMTP[] = "IDPR-CMTP";
@@ -1758,6 +1793,7 @@ static const char __pyx_k_RuntimeError[] = "RuntimeError";
 static const char __pyx_k_get_timestamp[] = "get_timestamp";
 static const char __pyx_k_reduce_cython[] = "__reduce_cython__";
 static const char __pyx_k_user_callback[] = "user_callback";
+static const char __pyx_k_warn_explicit[] = "warn_explicit";
 static const char __pyx_k_NetfilterQueue[] = "NetfilterQueue";
 static const char __pyx_k_RuntimeWarning[] = "RuntimeWarning";
 static const char __pyx_k_RSVP_E2E_IGNORE[] = "RSVP-E2E-IGNORE";
@@ -1777,6 +1813,7 @@ static const char __pyx_k_Failed_to_set_packet_copy_mode[] = "Failed to set pack
 static const char __pyx_k_Bind_to_a_Linux_netfilter_queue[] = "\nBind to a Linux netfilter queue. Send packets to a user-specified callback\nfunction.\n\nCopyright: (c) 2011, Kerkhoff Technologies Inc.\nLicense: MIT; see LICENSE.txt\n";
 static const char __pyx_k_Failed_to_bind_family_s_Are_you[] = "Failed to bind family %s. Are you root?";
 static const char __pyx_k_Failed_to_get_payload_of_packet[] = "Failed to get payload of packet.";
+static const char __pyx_k_A_queue_is_already_bound_use_unb[] = "A queue is already bound; use unbind() first";
 static const char __pyx_k_Payload_data_is_no_longer_availa[] = "Payload data is no longer available. You must call retain() within the user_callback in order to copy the payload if you need to expect it after your callback has returned.";
 static const char __pyx_k_Socket_rcvbuf_limit_is_now_d_req[] = "Socket rcvbuf limit is now %d, requested %d.";
 static const char __pyx_k_Verdict_already_given_for_this_p[] = "Verdict already given for this packet.";
@@ -1787,6 +1824,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ARGUS;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ARIS;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_AX_25;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_A_N;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_A_queue_is_already_bound_use_unb;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_BBN_RCC_MON;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_BNA;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_BR_SAT_MON;
@@ -1946,9 +1984,11 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_any_local_network;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_any_private_encryption_scheme;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_args;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_block;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_category;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_cline_in_traceback;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_drop;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_error;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_filename;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_get;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_get_fd;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_get_mark;
@@ -1957,6 +1997,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_get_payload_len;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_get_timestamp;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_getstate;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_import;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_lineno;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_main;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_manet;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_max_len;
@@ -1980,7 +2021,10 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_setstate_cython;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_sock_len;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_socket;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_test;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_unbind;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_user_callback;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_warn_explicit;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_warnings;
 static int __pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilterqueue_Packet *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_2__str__(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilterqueue_Packet *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_4get_hw(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilterqueue_Packet *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
@@ -2167,9 +2211,10 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_tuple__8;
 static PyObject *__pyx_tuple__9;
 static PyObject *__pyx_tuple__10;
 static PyObject *__pyx_tuple__11;
+static PyObject *__pyx_tuple__12;
 /* Late includes */
 
-/* "netfilterqueue.pyx":37
+/* "netfilterqueue.pyx":42
  * cimport cpython.version
  * 
  * cdef int global_callback(nfq_q_handle *qh, nfgenmsg *nfmsg,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2194,7 +2239,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_global_callback(struct nfq_q_handle *__pyx_v
   #endif
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("global_callback", 0);
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":40
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":45
  *                          nfq_data *nfa, void *data) with gil:
  *     """Create a Packet and pass it to appropriate callback."""
  *     cdef NetfilterQueue nfqueue = <NetfilterQueue>data             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2206,7 +2251,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_global_callback(struct nfq_q_handle *__pyx_v
   __pyx_v_nfqueue = ((struct __pyx_obj_14netfilterqueue_NetfilterQueue *)__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":41
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":46
  *     """Create a Packet and pass it to appropriate callback."""
  *     cdef NetfilterQueue nfqueue = <NetfilterQueue>data
  *     cdef object user_callback = <object>nfqueue.user_callback             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2218,30 +2263,30 @@ static int __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_global_callback(struct nfq_q_handle *__pyx_v
   __pyx_v_user_callback = __pyx_t_1;
   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":42
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":47
  *     cdef NetfilterQueue nfqueue = <NetfilterQueue>data
  *     cdef object user_callback = <object>nfqueue.user_callback
  *     packet = Packet()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *     packet.set_nfq_data(qh, nfa)
  *     user_callback(packet)
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(((PyObject *)__pyx_ptype_14netfilterqueue_Packet)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 42, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(((PyObject *)__pyx_ptype_14netfilterqueue_Packet)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 47, __pyx_L1_error)
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_v_packet = ((struct __pyx_obj_14netfilterqueue_Packet *)__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":43
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":48
  *     cdef object user_callback = <object>nfqueue.user_callback
  *     packet = Packet()
  *     packet.set_nfq_data(qh, nfa)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *     user_callback(packet)
  *     packet.drop_refs()
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_14netfilterqueue_Packet *)__pyx_v_packet->__pyx_vtab)->set_nfq_data(__pyx_v_packet, __pyx_v_qh, __pyx_v_nfa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 43, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __pyx_t_1 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_14netfilterqueue_Packet *)__pyx_v_packet->__pyx_vtab)->set_nfq_data(__pyx_v_packet, __pyx_v_qh, __pyx_v_nfa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 48, __pyx_L1_error)
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":44
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":49
  *     packet = Packet()
  *     packet.set_nfq_data(qh, nfa)
  *     user_callback(packet)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2261,23 +2306,23 @@ static int __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_global_callback(struct nfq_q_handle *__pyx_v
   }
   __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_t_3) ? __Pyx_PyObject_Call2Args(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_t_3, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_packet)) : __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_packet));
   __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_3 = 0;
-  if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 44, __pyx_L1_error)
+  if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 49, __pyx_L1_error)
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":45
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":50
  *     packet.set_nfq_data(qh, nfa)
  *     user_callback(packet)
  *     packet.drop_refs()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *     return 1
  * 
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_14netfilterqueue_Packet *)__pyx_v_packet->__pyx_vtab)->drop_refs(__pyx_v_packet); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 45, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __pyx_t_1 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_14netfilterqueue_Packet *)__pyx_v_packet->__pyx_vtab)->drop_refs(__pyx_v_packet); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 50, __pyx_L1_error)
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":46
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":51
  *     user_callback(packet)
  *     packet.drop_refs()
  *     return 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2287,7 +2332,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_global_callback(struct nfq_q_handle *__pyx_v
   __pyx_r = 1;
   goto __pyx_L0;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":37
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":42
  * cimport cpython.version
  * 
  * cdef int global_callback(nfq_q_handle *qh, nfgenmsg *nfmsg,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2313,7 +2358,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_global_callback(struct nfq_q_handle *__pyx_v
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "netfilterqueue.pyx":50
+/* "netfilterqueue.pyx":55
  * cdef class Packet:
  *     """A packet received from NetfilterQueue."""
  *     def __cinit__(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2342,7 +2387,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_14netfil
   __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("__cinit__", 0);
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":51
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":56
  *     """A packet received from NetfilterQueue."""
  *     def __cinit__(self):
  *         self._verdict_is_set = False             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2351,7 +2396,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_14netfil
  */
   __pyx_v_self->_verdict_is_set = 0;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":52
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":57
  *     def __cinit__(self):
  *         self._verdict_is_set = False
  *         self._mark_is_set = False             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2360,7 +2405,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_14netfil
  */
   __pyx_v_self->_mark_is_set = 0;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":53
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":58
  *         self._verdict_is_set = False
  *         self._mark_is_set = False
  *         self._given_payload = None             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2373,7 +2418,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_14netfil
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_v_self->_given_payload);
   __pyx_v_self->_given_payload = ((PyObject*)Py_None);
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":50
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":55
  * cdef class Packet:
  *     """A packet received from NetfilterQueue."""
  *     def __cinit__(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2387,7 +2432,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_14netfil
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "netfilterqueue.pyx":55
+/* "netfilterqueue.pyx":60
  *         self._given_payload = None
  * 
  *     def __str__(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2424,7 +2469,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_2__str__(struct __pyx_obj_14n
   int __pyx_clineno = 0;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("__str__", 0);
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":56
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":61
  * 
  *     def __str__(self):
  *         cdef iphdr *hdr = <iphdr*>self.payload             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2433,19 +2478,19 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_2__str__(struct __pyx_obj_14n
  */
   __pyx_v_hdr = ((struct iphdr *)__pyx_v_self->payload);
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":57
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":62
  *     def __str__(self):
  *         cdef iphdr *hdr = <iphdr*>self.payload
  *         protocol = PROTOCOLS.get(hdr.protocol, "Unknown protocol")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         return "%s packet, %s bytes" % (protocol, self.payload_len)
  * 
  */
-  __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_n_s_PROTOCOLS); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) __PYX_ERR(0, 57, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_n_s_PROTOCOLS); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) __PYX_ERR(0, 62, __pyx_L1_error)
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-  __pyx_t_3 = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_n_s_get); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) __PYX_ERR(0, 57, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __pyx_t_3 = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_n_s_get); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) __PYX_ERR(0, 62, __pyx_L1_error)
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_3);
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
-  __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyInt_From_u_int8_t(__pyx_v_hdr->protocol); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) __PYX_ERR(0, 57, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyInt_From_u_int8_t(__pyx_v_hdr->protocol); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) __PYX_ERR(0, 62, __pyx_L1_error)
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
   __pyx_t_4 = NULL;
   __pyx_t_5 = 0;
@@ -2462,7 +2507,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_2__str__(struct __pyx_obj_14n
   #if CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
   if (PyFunction_Check(__pyx_t_3)) {
     PyObject *__pyx_temp[3] = {__pyx_t_4, __pyx_t_2, __pyx_kp_s_Unknown_protocol};
-    __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCall(__pyx_t_3, __pyx_temp+1-__pyx_t_5, 2+__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 57, __pyx_L1_error)
+    __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCall(__pyx_t_3, __pyx_temp+1-__pyx_t_5, 2+__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 62, __pyx_L1_error)
     __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_4 = 0;
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
@@ -2471,14 +2516,14 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_2__str__(struct __pyx_obj_14n
   #if CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL
   if (__Pyx_PyFastCFunction_Check(__pyx_t_3)) {
     PyObject *__pyx_temp[3] = {__pyx_t_4, __pyx_t_2, __pyx_kp_s_Unknown_protocol};
-    __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall(__pyx_t_3, __pyx_temp+1-__pyx_t_5, 2+__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 57, __pyx_L1_error)
+    __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall(__pyx_t_3, __pyx_temp+1-__pyx_t_5, 2+__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 62, __pyx_L1_error)
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   #endif
   {
-    __pyx_t_6 = PyTuple_New(2+__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) __PYX_ERR(0, 57, __pyx_L1_error)
+    __pyx_t_6 = PyTuple_New(2+__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) __PYX_ERR(0, 62, __pyx_L1_error)
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       __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_4); PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_6, 0, __pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_4 = NULL;
@@ -2489,7 +2534,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_2__str__(struct __pyx_obj_14n
     __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_kp_s_Unknown_protocol);
     PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_6, 1+__pyx_t_5, __pyx_kp_s_Unknown_protocol);
     __pyx_t_2 = 0;
-    __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_3, __pyx_t_6, NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 57, __pyx_L1_error)
+    __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_3, __pyx_t_6, NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 62, __pyx_L1_error)
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@@ -2497,7 +2542,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_2__str__(struct __pyx_obj_14n
   __pyx_v_protocol = __pyx_t_1;
   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":58
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":63
  *         cdef iphdr *hdr = <iphdr*>self.payload
  *         protocol = PROTOCOLS.get(hdr.protocol, "Unknown protocol")
  *         return "%s packet, %s bytes" % (protocol, self.payload_len)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2505,9 +2550,9 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_2__str__(struct __pyx_obj_14n
  *     cdef set_nfq_data(self, nfq_q_handle *qh, nfq_data *nfa):
  */
   __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_r);
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromSsize_t(__pyx_v_self->payload_len); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 58, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromSsize_t(__pyx_v_self->payload_len); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 63, __pyx_L1_error)
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-  __pyx_t_3 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) __PYX_ERR(0, 58, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __pyx_t_3 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) __PYX_ERR(0, 63, __pyx_L1_error)
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_3);
   __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_v_protocol);
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_v_protocol);
@@ -2515,14 +2560,14 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_2__str__(struct __pyx_obj_14n
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_1);
   PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_3, 1, __pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
-  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyString_Format(__pyx_kp_s_s_packet_s_bytes, __pyx_t_3); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 58, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyString_Format(__pyx_kp_s_s_packet_s_bytes, __pyx_t_3); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 63, __pyx_L1_error)
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   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
   goto __pyx_L0;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":55
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":60
  *         self._given_payload = None
  * 
  *     def __str__(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2546,7 +2591,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_2__str__(struct __pyx_obj_14n
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "netfilterqueue.pyx":60
+/* "netfilterqueue.pyx":65
  *         return "%s packet, %s bytes" % (protocol, self.payload_len)
  * 
  *     cdef set_nfq_data(self, nfq_q_handle *qh, nfq_data *nfa):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2568,7 +2613,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
   int __pyx_clineno = 0;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("set_nfq_data", 0);
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":68
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":73
  *         cdef nfqnl_msg_packet_hdr *hdr
  * 
  *         hdr = nfq_get_msg_packet_hdr(nfa)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2577,7 +2622,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
  */
   __pyx_v_hdr = nfq_get_msg_packet_hdr(__pyx_v_nfa);
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":69
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":74
  * 
  *         hdr = nfq_get_msg_packet_hdr(nfa)
  *         self._qh = qh             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2586,7 +2631,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
  */
   __pyx_v_self->_qh = __pyx_v_qh;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":70
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":75
  *         hdr = nfq_get_msg_packet_hdr(nfa)
  *         self._qh = qh
  *         self.id = ntohl(hdr.packet_id)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2595,7 +2640,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
  */
   __pyx_v_self->id = ntohl(__pyx_v_hdr->packet_id);
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":71
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":76
  *         self._qh = qh
  *         self.id = ntohl(hdr.packet_id)
  *         self.hw_protocol = ntohs(hdr.hw_protocol)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2604,7 +2649,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
  */
   __pyx_v_self->hw_protocol = ntohs(__pyx_v_hdr->hw_protocol);
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":72
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":77
  *         self.id = ntohl(hdr.packet_id)
  *         self.hw_protocol = ntohs(hdr.hw_protocol)
  *         self.hook = hdr.hook             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2614,7 +2659,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
   __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_v_hdr->hook;
   __pyx_v_self->hook = __pyx_t_1;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":74
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":79
  *         self.hook = hdr.hook
  * 
  *         hw = nfq_get_packet_hw(nfa)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2623,7 +2668,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
  */
   __pyx_v_hw = nfq_get_packet_hw(__pyx_v_nfa);
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":75
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":80
  * 
  *         hw = nfq_get_packet_hw(nfa)
  *         if hw == NULL:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2633,7 +2678,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
   __pyx_t_2 = ((__pyx_v_hw == NULL) != 0);
   if (__pyx_t_2) {
 
-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":77
+    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":82
  *         if hw == NULL:
  *             # nfq_get_packet_hw doesn't work on OUTPUT and PREROUTING chains
  *             self._hwaddr_is_set = False             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2642,7 +2687,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
  */
     __pyx_v_self->_hwaddr_is_set = 0;
 
-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":75
+    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":80
  * 
  *         hw = nfq_get_packet_hw(nfa)
  *         if hw == NULL:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2652,7 +2697,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
     goto __pyx_L3;
   }
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":79
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":84
  *             self._hwaddr_is_set = False
  *         else:
  *             self.hw_addr = hw.hw_addr             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2663,7 +2708,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
     __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_hw->hw_addr;
     memcpy(&(__pyx_v_self->hw_addr[0]), __pyx_t_3, sizeof(__pyx_v_self->hw_addr[0]) * (8 - 0));
 
-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":80
+    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":85
  *         else:
  *             self.hw_addr = hw.hw_addr
  *             self._hwaddr_is_set = True             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2674,7 +2719,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
   }
   __pyx_L3:;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":82
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":87
  *             self._hwaddr_is_set = True
  * 
  *         self.payload_len = nfq_get_payload(nfa, &self.payload)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2683,7 +2728,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
  */
   __pyx_v_self->payload_len = nfq_get_payload(__pyx_v_nfa, (&__pyx_v_self->payload));
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":83
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":88
  * 
  *         self.payload_len = nfq_get_payload(nfa, &self.payload)
  *         if self.payload_len < 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2693,20 +2738,20 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
   __pyx_t_2 = ((__pyx_v_self->payload_len < 0) != 0);
   if (unlikely(__pyx_t_2)) {
 
-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":84
+    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":89
  *         self.payload_len = nfq_get_payload(nfa, &self.payload)
  *         if self.payload_len < 0:
  *             raise OSError("Failed to get payload of packet.")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  *         nfq_get_timestamp(nfa, &self.timestamp)
  */
-    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(__pyx_builtin_OSError, __pyx_tuple_, NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) __PYX_ERR(0, 84, __pyx_L1_error)
+    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(__pyx_builtin_OSError, __pyx_tuple_, NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) __PYX_ERR(0, 89, __pyx_L1_error)
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     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_4 = 0;
-    __PYX_ERR(0, 84, __pyx_L1_error)
+    __PYX_ERR(0, 89, __pyx_L1_error)
 
-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":83
+    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":88
  * 
  *         self.payload_len = nfq_get_payload(nfa, &self.payload)
  *         if self.payload_len < 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2715,7 +2760,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
  */
   }
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":86
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":91
  *             raise OSError("Failed to get payload of packet.")
  * 
  *         nfq_get_timestamp(nfa, &self.timestamp)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2724,7 +2769,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
  */
   (void)(nfq_get_timestamp(__pyx_v_nfa, (&__pyx_v_self->timestamp)));
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":87
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":92
  * 
  *         nfq_get_timestamp(nfa, &self.timestamp)
  *         self.mark = nfq_get_nfmark(nfa)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2733,7 +2778,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
  */
   __pyx_v_self->mark = nfq_get_nfmark(__pyx_v_nfa);
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":60
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":65
  *         return "%s packet, %s bytes" % (protocol, self.payload_len)
  * 
  *     cdef set_nfq_data(self, nfq_q_handle *qh, nfq_data *nfa):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2754,7 +2799,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_set_nfq_data(struct __pyx_obj_
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "netfilterqueue.pyx":89
+/* "netfilterqueue.pyx":94
  *         self.mark = nfq_get_nfmark(nfa)
  * 
  *     cdef drop_refs(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2767,7 +2812,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_drop_refs(struct __pyx_obj_14n
   __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("drop_refs", 0);
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":94
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":99
  *         set_nfq_data() is about to be deallocated.
  *         """
  *         self.payload = NULL             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2776,7 +2821,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_drop_refs(struct __pyx_obj_14n
  */
   __pyx_v_self->payload = NULL;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":89
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":94
  *         self.mark = nfq_get_nfmark(nfa)
  * 
  *     cdef drop_refs(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2791,7 +2836,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_drop_refs(struct __pyx_obj_14n
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "netfilterqueue.pyx":96
+/* "netfilterqueue.pyx":101
  *         self.payload = NULL
  * 
  *     cdef void verdict(self, u_int8_t verdict):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2812,7 +2857,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_verdict(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilte
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   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("verdict", 0);
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":98
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":103
  *     cdef void verdict(self, u_int8_t verdict):
  *         """Call appropriate set_verdict... function on packet."""
  *         if self._verdict_is_set:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2822,20 +2867,20 @@ static void __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_verdict(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilte
   __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_self->_verdict_is_set != 0);
   if (unlikely(__pyx_t_1)) {
 
-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":99
+    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":104
  *         """Call appropriate set_verdict... function on packet."""
  *         if self._verdict_is_set:
  *             raise RuntimeWarning("Verdict already given for this packet.")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  *         cdef u_int32_t modified_payload_len = 0
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-    __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(__pyx_builtin_RuntimeWarning, __pyx_tuple__2, NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) __PYX_ERR(0, 99, __pyx_L1_error)
+    __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(__pyx_builtin_RuntimeWarning, __pyx_tuple__2, NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) __PYX_ERR(0, 104, __pyx_L1_error)
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+    __PYX_ERR(0, 104, __pyx_L1_error)
 
-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":98
+    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":103
  *     cdef void verdict(self, u_int8_t verdict):
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  *         if self._verdict_is_set:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2844,7 +2889,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_verdict(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilte
  */
   }
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":101
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":106
  *             raise RuntimeWarning("Verdict already given for this packet.")
  * 
  *         cdef u_int32_t modified_payload_len = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2853,7 +2898,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_verdict(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilte
  */
   __pyx_v_modified_payload_len = 0;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":102
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":107
  * 
  *         cdef u_int32_t modified_payload_len = 0
  *         cdef unsigned char *modified_payload = NULL             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2862,7 +2907,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_verdict(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilte
  */
   __pyx_v_modified_payload = NULL;
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":103
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":108
  *         cdef u_int32_t modified_payload_len = 0
  *         cdef unsigned char *modified_payload = NULL
  *         if self._given_payload:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2872,7 +2917,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_verdict(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilte
   __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_self->_given_payload != Py_None)&&(PyBytes_GET_SIZE(__pyx_v_self->_given_payload) != 0);
   if (__pyx_t_1) {
 
-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":104
+    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":109
  *         cdef unsigned char *modified_payload = NULL
  *         if self._given_payload:
  *             modified_payload_len = len(self._given_payload)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2883,13 +2928,13 @@ static void __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_verdict(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilte
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       PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "object of type 'NoneType' has no len()");
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-    __pyx_t_3 = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(__pyx_t_2); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_3 == ((Py_ssize_t)-1))) __PYX_ERR(0, 104, __pyx_L1_error)
+    __pyx_t_3 = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(__pyx_t_2); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_3 == ((Py_ssize_t)-1))) __PYX_ERR(0, 109, __pyx_L1_error)
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     __pyx_v_modified_payload_len = __pyx_t_3;
 
-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":105
+    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":110
  *         if self._given_payload:
  *             modified_payload_len = len(self._given_payload)
  *             modified_payload = self._given_payload             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2898,12 +2943,12 @@ static void __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_verdict(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilte
  */
     if (unlikely(__pyx_v_self->_given_payload == Py_None)) {
       PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "expected bytes, NoneType found");
-      __PYX_ERR(0, 105, __pyx_L1_error)
+      __PYX_ERR(0, 110, __pyx_L1_error)
     }
-    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableUString(__pyx_v_self->_given_payload); if (unlikely((!__pyx_t_4) && PyErr_Occurred())) __PYX_ERR(0, 105, __pyx_L1_error)
+    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableUString(__pyx_v_self->_given_payload); if (unlikely((!__pyx_t_4) && PyErr_Occurred())) __PYX_ERR(0, 110, __pyx_L1_error)
     __pyx_v_modified_payload = __pyx_t_4;
 
-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":103
+    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":108
  *         cdef u_int32_t modified_payload_len = 0
  *         cdef unsigned char *modified_payload = NULL
  *         if self._given_payload:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2912,7 +2957,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_verdict(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilte
  */
   }
 
-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":106
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":111
  *             modified_payload_len = len(self._given_payload)
  *             modified_payload = self._given_payload
  *         if self._mark_is_set:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2922,7 +2967,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_verdict(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilte
   __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_self->_mark_is_set != 0);
   if (__pyx_t_1) {
 
-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":107
+    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":112
  *             modified_payload = self._given_payload
  *         if self._mark_is_set:
  *             nfq_set_verdict2(             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2931,7 +2976,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_verdict(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilte
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-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":106
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@@ -2941,7 +2986,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_verdict(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilte
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-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":115
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":120
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@@ -2950,7 +2995,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_verdict(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilte
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-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":120
+    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":125
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@@ -2961,7 +3006,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_verdict(struct __pyx_obj_14netfilte
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-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":122
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":127
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-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":96
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":101
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-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":127
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+  __pyx_t_1 = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(((char *)__pyx_v_self->hw_addr), 8); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 132, __pyx_L1_error)
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-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":128
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-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":124
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":129
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 }
 
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-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":132
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-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":133
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-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":132
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-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":134
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":139
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-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":135
+    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":140
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-    /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":134
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-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":137
+  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":142
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@@ -3204,14 +3249,14 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_14netfilterqueue_6Packet_get_payload(struct __pyx_obj_1
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-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":130
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-/* "netfilterqueue.pyx":144
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  *     cpdef Py_ssize_t get_payload_len(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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-        /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":254
+        /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":272
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-        __pyx_t_5 = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_v_s, __pyx_n_s_recv); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) __PYX_ERR(0, 254, __pyx_L5_error)
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@@ -6068,23 +6361,23 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_14NetfilterQueue_12run_socket(struct
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-        /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":255
+        /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":273
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-        /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":256
+        /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":274
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  *                 rv = len(buf)
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@@ -6094,17 +6387,17 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_14NetfilterQueue_12run_socket(struct
         __pyx_t_8 = ((__pyx_v_rv >= 0) != 0);
         if (__pyx_t_8) {
 
-          /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":257
+          /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":275
  *                 rv = len(buf)
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  *                     nfq_handle_packet(self.h, buf, rv)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                 else:
  *                     break
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+          __pyx_t_9 = __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableString(__pyx_v_buf); if (unlikely((!__pyx_t_9) && PyErr_Occurred())) __PYX_ERR(0, 275, __pyx_L5_error)
           (void)(nfq_handle_packet(__pyx_v_self->h, __pyx_t_9, __pyx_v_rv));
 
-          /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":256
+          /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":274
  *                 buf = s.recv(BufferSize)
  *                 rv = len(buf)
  *                 if rv >= 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -6114,7 +6407,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_14NetfilterQueue_12run_socket(struct
           goto __pyx_L13;
         }
 
-        /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":259
+        /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":277
  *                     nfq_handle_packet(self.h, buf, rv)
  *                 else:
  *                     break             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -6126,7 +6419,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_14NetfilterQueue_12run_socket(struct
         }
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-        /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":253
+        /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":271
  *         """Accept packets using socket.recv so that, for example, gevent can monkeypatch it."""
  *         while True:
  *             try:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -6143,7 +6436,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_14NetfilterQueue_12run_socket(struct
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       __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_6); __pyx_t_6 = 0;
 
-      /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":260
+      /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":278
  *                 else:
  *                     break
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@@ -6151,9 +6444,9 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_14NetfilterQueue_12run_socket(struct
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-      __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_n_s_socket); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) __PYX_ERR(0, 260, __pyx_L7_except_error)
+      __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_n_s_socket); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) __PYX_ERR(0, 278, __pyx_L7_except_error)
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
-      __pyx_t_11 = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_n_s_error); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_11)) __PYX_ERR(0, 260, __pyx_L7_except_error)
+      __pyx_t_11 = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_n_s_error); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_11)) __PYX_ERR(0, 278, __pyx_L7_except_error)
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@@ -6162,7 +6455,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_14NetfilterQueue_12run_socket(struct
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-        if (__Pyx_GetException(&__pyx_t_6, &__pyx_t_5, &__pyx_t_4) < 0) __PYX_ERR(0, 260, __pyx_L7_except_error)
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@@ -6170,37 +6463,37 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_14NetfilterQueue_12run_socket(struct
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-          /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":261
+          /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":279
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-          /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":262
+          /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":280
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  *                 if err == ENOBUFS:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                     continue
  *                 elif err == EAGAIN or err == EWOULDBLOCK:
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-          __pyx_t_11 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_v_err, __pyx_t_10, Py_EQ); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_11); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_11)) __PYX_ERR(0, 262, __pyx_L19_error)
+          __pyx_t_11 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_v_err, __pyx_t_10, Py_EQ); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_11); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_11)) __PYX_ERR(0, 280, __pyx_L19_error)
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-          __pyx_t_8 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_11); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_8 < 0)) __PYX_ERR(0, 262, __pyx_L19_error)
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-            /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":263
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@@ -6209,7 +6502,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_14NetfilterQueue_12run_socket(struct
  */
             goto __pyx_L16_continue;
 
-            /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":262
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@@ -6218,35 +6511,35 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_14NetfilterQueue_12run_socket(struct
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-          /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":264
+          /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":282
  *                 if err == ENOBUFS:
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-          __pyx_t_11 = __Pyx_PyInt_From_int(__pyx_e_14netfilterqueue_EAGAIN); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_11)) __PYX_ERR(0, 264, __pyx_L19_error)
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-            /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":267
+            /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":285
  *                     # This should only happen with a non-blocking socket, and the
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@@ -6255,7 +6548,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_14NetfilterQueue_12run_socket(struct
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             goto __pyx_L17_break;
 
-            /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":264
+            /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":282
  *                 if err == ENOBUFS:
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@@ -6264,7 +6557,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_14NetfilterQueue_12run_socket(struct
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           }
 
-          /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":270
+          /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":288
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@@ -6273,11 +6566,11 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_14NetfilterQueue_12run_socket(struct
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-        /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":260
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-      /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":253
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-  /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":250
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@@ -6492,7 +6785,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_14netfilterqueue_14NetfilterQueue_16__setstate_cython_
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   {&__pyx_n_s_error, __pyx_k_error, sizeof(__pyx_k_error), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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   /* "netfilterqueue.pyx":1
@@ -8852,6 +9175,33 @@ bad:
     return -1;
 }
 
+/* decode_c_bytes */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_decode_c_bytes(
+         const char* cstring, Py_ssize_t length, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop,
+         const char* encoding, const char* errors,
+         PyObject* (*decode_func)(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)) {
+    if (unlikely((start < 0) | (stop < 0))) {
+        if (start < 0) {
+            start += length;
+            if (start < 0)
+                start = 0;
+        }
+        if (stop < 0)
+            stop += length;
+    }
+    if (stop > length)
+        stop = length;
+    if (unlikely(stop <= start))
+        return __Pyx_NewRef(__pyx_empty_unicode);
+    length = stop - start;
+    cstring += start;
+    if (decode_func) {
+        return decode_func(cstring, length, errors);
+    } else {
+        return PyUnicode_Decode(cstring, length, encoding, errors);
+    }
+}
+
 /* GetTopmostException */
 #if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK
 static _PyErr_StackItem *
@@ -8908,6 +9258,80 @@ static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionReset(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject
 }
 #endif
 
+/* GetException */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+static int __Pyx__GetException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb)
+#else
+static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb)
+#endif
+{
+    PyObject *local_type, *local_value, *local_tb;
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    local_type = tstate->curexc_type;
+    local_value = tstate->curexc_value;
+    local_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+    tstate->curexc_type = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_value = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_traceback = 0;
+#else
+    PyErr_Fetch(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb);
+#endif
+    PyErr_NormalizeException(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb);
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    if (unlikely(tstate->curexc_type))
+#else
+    if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred()))
+#endif
+        goto bad;
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (local_tb) {
+        if (unlikely(PyException_SetTraceback(local_value, local_tb) < 0))
+            goto bad;
+    }
+    #endif
+    Py_XINCREF(local_tb);
+    Py_XINCREF(local_type);
+    Py_XINCREF(local_value);
+    *type = local_type;
+    *value = local_value;
+    *tb = local_tb;
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    #if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK
+    {
+        _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info;
+        tmp_type = exc_info->exc_type;
+        tmp_value = exc_info->exc_value;
+        tmp_tb = exc_info->exc_traceback;
+        exc_info->exc_type = local_type;
+        exc_info->exc_value = local_value;
+        exc_info->exc_traceback = local_tb;
+    }
+    #else
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_type = local_type;
+    tstate->exc_value = local_value;
+    tstate->exc_traceback = local_tb;
+    #endif
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+#else
+    PyErr_SetExcInfo(local_type, local_value, local_tb);
+#endif
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    *type = 0;
+    *value = 0;
+    *tb = 0;
+    Py_XDECREF(local_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(local_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(local_tb);
+    return -1;
+}
+
 /* FastTypeChecks */
 #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
 static int __Pyx_InBases(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b) {
@@ -9008,80 +9432,6 @@ static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObj
 }
 #endif
 
-/* GetException */
-#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
-static int __Pyx__GetException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb)
-#else
-static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb)
-#endif
-{
-    PyObject *local_type, *local_value, *local_tb;
-#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
-    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
-    local_type = tstate->curexc_type;
-    local_value = tstate->curexc_value;
-    local_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
-    tstate->curexc_type = 0;
-    tstate->curexc_value = 0;
-    tstate->curexc_traceback = 0;
-#else
-    PyErr_Fetch(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb);
-#endif
-    PyErr_NormalizeException(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb);
-#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
-    if (unlikely(tstate->curexc_type))
-#else
-    if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred()))
-#endif
-        goto bad;
-    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
-    if (local_tb) {
-        if (unlikely(PyException_SetTraceback(local_value, local_tb) < 0))
-            goto bad;
-    }
-    #endif
-    Py_XINCREF(local_tb);
-    Py_XINCREF(local_type);
-    Py_XINCREF(local_value);
-    *type = local_type;
-    *value = local_value;
-    *tb = local_tb;
-#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
-    #if CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK
-    {
-        _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info;
-        tmp_type = exc_info->exc_type;
-        tmp_value = exc_info->exc_value;
-        tmp_tb = exc_info->exc_traceback;
-        exc_info->exc_type = local_type;
-        exc_info->exc_value = local_value;
-        exc_info->exc_traceback = local_tb;
-    }
-    #else
-    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
-    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
-    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
-    tstate->exc_type = local_type;
-    tstate->exc_value = local_value;
-    tstate->exc_traceback = local_tb;
-    #endif
-    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
-    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
-    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
-#else
-    PyErr_SetExcInfo(local_type, local_value, local_tb);
-#endif
-    return 0;
-bad:
-    *type = 0;
-    *value = 0;
-    *tb = 0;
-    Py_XDECREF(local_type);
-    Py_XDECREF(local_value);
-    Py_XDECREF(local_tb);
-    return -1;
-}
-
 /* GetItemInt */
 static PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(PyObject *o, PyObject* j) {
     PyObject *r;
diff --git a/netfilterqueue.pyx b/netfilterqueue.pyx
index 8240a76..9730af5 100644
--- a/netfilterqueue.pyx
+++ b/netfilterqueue.pyx
@@ -206,6 +206,9 @@ cdef class NetfilterQueue:
                 u_int32_t range=MaxPacketSize,
                 u_int32_t sock_len=SockRcvSize):
         """Create and bind to a new queue."""
+        if self.qh != NULL:
+            raise RuntimeError("A queue is already bound; use unbind() first")
+
         cdef unsigned int newsiz
         self.user_callback = user_callback
         self.qh = nfq_create_queue(self.h, queue_num,
@@ -216,18 +219,23 @@ cdef class NetfilterQueue:
         if range > MaxCopySize:
             range = MaxCopySize
         if nfq_set_mode(self.qh, mode, range) < 0:
+            self.unbind()
             raise OSError("Failed to set packet copy mode.")
 
         nfq_set_queue_maxlen(self.qh, max_len)
 
         newsiz = nfnl_rcvbufsiz(nfq_nfnlh(self.h), sock_len)
         if newsiz != sock_len * 2:
-            warnings.warn_explicit(
-                "Socket rcvbuf limit is now %d, requested %d." % (newsiz, sock_len),
-                category=RuntimeWarning,
-                filename=__FILE__,
-                lineno=__LINE__,
-            )
+            try:
+                warnings.warn_explicit(
+                    "Socket rcvbuf limit is now %d, requested %d." % (newsiz, sock_len),
+                    category=RuntimeWarning,
+                    filename=bytes(__FILE__).decode("ascii"),
+                    lineno=__LINE__,
+                )
+            except:  # if warnings are being treated as errors
+                self.unbind()
+                raise
 
     def unbind(self):
         """Destroy the queue."""
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index 8cf71fd..ff71eb0 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ class Harness:
             else:
                 raise RuntimeError(
                     "Couldn't bind any netfilter queue number between 0-15"
-                )
+                ) from last_error
         try:
             rule = f"-d {PEER_IP[idx]} -j NFQUEUE --queue-num {queue_num}"
             await trio.run_process(f"/sbin/iptables -A FORWARD {rule}".split())
diff --git a/tests/test_basic.py b/tests/test_basic.py
index ec9190e..ef68784 100644
--- a/tests/test_basic.py
+++ b/tests/test_basic.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import struct
 import trio
+import pytest
 
 
 async def test_comms_without_queue(harness):
@@ -74,3 +75,21 @@ async def test_rewrite_reorder(harness):
             nursery.start_soon(munge, p2)
             await harness.send(2, b"one", b"two", b"three", b"four")
             await harness.expect(2, b"numero uno", b"three", b"TWO", b"four")
+
+
+async def test_errors(harness):
+    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="rcvbuf limit is"):
+        async with harness.capture_packets_to(2, sock_len=2**30):
+            pass
+
+    async with harness.capture_packets_to(2, queue_num=0):
+        with pytest.raises(OSError, match="Failed to create queue"):
+            async with harness.capture_packets_to(2, queue_num=0):
+                pass
+
+    from netfilterqueue import NetfilterQueue
+
+    nfq = NetfilterQueue()
+    nfq.bind(1, lambda p: None)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="A queue is already bound"):
+        nfq.bind(2, lambda p: None)